Sulayman ibn Qutulmish: differenze tra le versioni
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'''Suleyman ibn Qutulmish''' o '''Suleyman I''' ({{arabo|سليمان بن قتلمش}}, Sulayman bin Qutulmish o Qutalmish) fondò uno Stato indipendente [[Selgiuchidi|selgiuchide]] in [[Anatolia]] e guidò il [[Sultanato di Rum|Sultanato selgiuchide di Rum]] dal 1077 fino alla sua morte nel 1086.
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Suleyman was the son of [[Kutalmish]], who had struggled unsuccessfully against his cousin [[Alp Arslan]] for the throne of [[Great Seljuq Empire|Great Seljuk Empire]]. When Kutalmish died in 1064, Suleyman fled with his three brothers into the [[Taurus Mountains]] and there sought refuge with Turkmen tribes living beyond the borders of the empire. Alp Arslan responded by launching a series of punitive expeditions against them. Of the four brothers, Suleyman alone survived the raids and was able to consolidate his leadership of the Turkmen.<ref>[[Claude Cahen]], ''Pre-Ottoman Turkey: a general survey of the material and spiritual culture and history c. 1071-1330'', trans. J. Jones-Williams (New York: Taplinger, 1968), pp. 73-4.</ref>▼
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In 1078, the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor [[Michael VII Doukas|Michael VII]] sought the help of Suleyman against [[Nikephoros III|Nicephorus Botaneiates]], the commander of the ''[[Anatolikon]]'' [[theme (Byzantine administrative unit)|theme]], who had challenged the emperor for the throne. Suleyman intercepted Botaneiates' small force between [[Kütahya|Cotyaeum]] and [[İznik|Nicaea]], whereupon the usurper persuaded Suleyman to join his rebellion by offering him incentives superior to those of the emperor.<ref>[[Speros Vryonis]], ''The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century'' (University of California Press, 1971), pp. 112-3.</ref> Nicephorus' bid for power was successful, and in return for their support Suleyman's Turkmen were allowed to settle on the Asiatic side of the [[Bosporus|Bosphorus]], near [[Constantinople]] itself. Two years later, Suleyman lent his support to another pretender, [[Nikephoros Melissenos|Nicephorus Melissenus]].<ref>[[George Ostrogorsky]], ''History of the Byzantine State'', trans. Joan Hussey (Rutgers University Press, 1969), pp. 348-9.</ref> It was the latter Nicephorus who opened the gates of [[Nicaea]] to the Turkmen, allowing Suleyman to establish a permanent base.<ref>Cahen, p. 75</ref> All [[Bithynia]] was soon under Suleyman's control, a circumstance which allowed him to restrict communication between Constantinople and the former Byzantine subjects in [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]].
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