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non è così: è che "day" pronunciato da un australiano sembra "die" pronunciato da un americano, ma gli australiani distinguono lo stesso day con die, perché die è pronunciato più indietro nella bocca
rimuovo testo inglese obsoleto
Riga 1:
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{{T|lingua=inglese|argomento=linguistica|data=novembre 2007}}
Lo '''Strine''', contrazione di '''australian english''', o '''inglese australiano''' (abbreviazioni '''AuE''', '''AusE''', '''en-AU'''), è la variante della [[lingua inglese]] parlata in [[Australia]].
 
Riga 51:
*[http://www.english-spanish-translator.org/english-australia/ English for Australia] Molte parole ed espressioni sono prese dagli slang britannici, oppure da termini aborigeni.
*[http://sspirit.rampagesession.com/strine.php Strine — Australian Terms Explained] — lista di base delle parole Strine al ''School Spirit''.
 
 
<!--'''Australian English''' ('''AuE''', '''AusE''', '''en-AU''') is the form of the [[English language]] used in [[Australia]].<ref>Mitchell, Alexander G., 1995, ''The Story of Australian English'', Sydney: Dictionary Research Centre.</ref>
==History==
Australian English began diverging from [[British English]] shortly after the foundation of the Australian [[penal colony]] of [[New South Wales]] (NSW) in [[1788]]. British [[convict]]s sent there, including the [[Cockneys]] of London, came mostly from large [[England|English]] cities; and they were joined by free settlers, military personnel, and administrators, who often brought their families.
 
In 1827, [[Peter Cunningham]], in his book ''Two Years in New South Wales'', reported that native-born white Australians of the time — known as "[[Holey dollar#Australia|currency]] lads and lasses"<ref>Hughes, Robert. ''The Fatal Shore''. London: Harvill (1986).</ref> — spoke with a distinctive accent and vocabulary, with a strong [[Cockney]] influence. The deportation of convicts to Australia ended in [[1868]], but immigration of free settlers from Britain, Ireland and elsewhere continued.
 
The first of the [[Australian gold rushes|Australian goldrushes]], in the [[1850s]], began a much larger wave of immigration, which would significantly influence the language. During the 1850s, when [[Great Britain]] and [[Ireland]] were under economic hardship, about two per cent of their combined population emigrated to the Colony of NSW and the [[Victoria (Australia)|Colony of Victoria]] .<ref> Geoffrey Blainey, 1993, ''The Rush That Never Ended'' (4th ed.) Melbourne University Press.</ref>
 
Among the changes wrought by the goldrushes was "[[Americanization|Americanisation]]" of the language — the introduction of words, spellings, terms, and usages from [[North American English]]. The words imported included some later considered to be typically Australian, such as ''dirt'' and ''digger''.<ref>Bell, R. ''Americanization and Australia''. UNSW Press (1998).</ref> ''Bonzer'', which was once a common Australian slang word meaning "great", "superb" or "beautiful", is thought to have been a [[corruption (linguistics)|corruption ]] of the American mining term bonanza,<ref>Robert J. Menner, "The Australian Language" ''American Speech'', Vol. 21, No. 2 (Apr., 1946), pp. 120</ref> which means a rich vein of gold or silver and is itself a loanword from [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. The influx of American military personnel in [[World War II]] brought further American influence; though most words were short-lived;<ref>Ibid.</ref> and only ''okay'', ''you guys'', and ''gee'' have persisted.<ref>Ibid.</ref>
 
Since the 1950s, American influence has mostly arrived via pop culture, the [[mass media]] — books, [[magazine]]s, [[television]] programs, and [[computer software]] — and the [[World Wide Web|world wide web]]. Some words, such as ''freeway'' and ''truck'', have even naturalised so completely that few Australians recognise their origin.<ref>Ibid.</ref>
 
Some American and British English variants exist side-by-side, as ''TV'' and ''telly'' (an abbreviation of ''television''). British words predominate, however: as ''mobile'' or ''mobile phone'' instead of ''cell'' or ''cellphone'', and ''lift'' instead of ''elevator''. In many cases — ''telly'' versus ''TV'' and ''[[SMS]]'' versus ''text'', ''freeway'' and ''motorway'', for instance — regional, social and ethnic variation within Australia typically defines word usage.<ref>Oliver, Mackay and Rochecouste. 'The Acquisition of Colloquial Terms by Western Australian Primary School Children from Non-English Speaking Backgrounds' in ''Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development'' 24:5 (2003), 413-430.</ref>
 
Australian English is most similar to [[New Zealand English]], each having a shared history and geographical promiximity. Both use the expression ''different to'' (also encountered in British English, but not American) as well as ''different from''.
 
==Phonology==
{{main|Australian English phonology}}
[[Immagine:Australian English IPA vowel chart.png|thumb|right|Australian vowels]]
[[Immagine:Australian English IPA diphthong chart.png|thumb|right|Australian diphthongs]]
 
Australian English is a [[Rhotic and non-rhotic accents|non-rhotic]] dialect. It is most similar to [[New Zealand]] English and bears some resemblance to dialects from the South-East of [[England]], particularly those of [[Cockney]] and [[Received Pronunciation]]. Like most dialects of English it is distinguished primarily by its vowel [[phonology]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Harrington, J., F. Cox, and Z. Evans | title=An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels | journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics | year=1997 | volume=17 | pages=155–84}}</ref>
 
The vowels of Australian English can be divided into two categories: long and short vowels. The short vowels, consisting only of [[monophthong]]s, mostly correspond to the lax vowels used in analyses of [[Received Pronunciation]]. The long vowels, consisting of both monophthongs and [[diphthong]]s, mostly correspond to its tense vowels and centring diphthongs. Unlike most varieties of English it has a [[vowel length|phonemic length distinction]]: that is, certain vowels differ only by length.
 
Australian English consonants are similar to those of other non-rhotic varieties of English. In comparison to other varieties, it has a [[flapping|flapped]] variant of {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} in similar environments, as in American English. Many speakers have also [[English consonant cluster reductions#Yod-coalescence|coalesced]] {{IPA|/dj/}}, {{IPA|/sj/}} and {{IPA|/dj/}} into {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, {{IPA|/ş/}} and {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, producing standard pronunciations such as {{IPA|/tʃʉːn/}}.
 
==Vocabulary==English vocabulary}}
{{Wiktionarypar|Appendix:Australian English vocabulary}}
Australian English has many words that Australians consider unique to their language. One of the best-known is ''outback'', meaning a remote, sparsely-populated area. Another is ''bush'', meaning either a native forest or a country area in general. However, both terms have been widely used in many [[English-speaking countries]]. Other similar words, phrases and usages were brought by the convicts to Australia. Many words used frequently by country Australians are, or were, also used in all or part of England, with variations in meaning. For example, ''creek'' in Australia, as in North America, means a stream or small river, whereas in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|UK]] it means a small watercourse flowing into the sea; ''paddock'' in Australia means field, whereas in the UK it means a small enclosure for livestock; ''bush'' or ''scrub'' in Australia, as in North America, means a wooded area, whereas in England they are commonly used only in proper names (such as [[Shepherd's Bush]] and [[Wormwood Scrubs]]). Australian English and several British English dialects (for example, [[Cockney]], [[Scouse]], [[Glaswegian]] and [[Geordie]]) both use the word ''mate'' for a close friend of the same sex and increasingly for a platonic friend of the opposite sex {{Fact|date=October 2007}} (rather than the conventional meaning of "a spouse"), but this usage has also become common in some other varieties of English.
 
''Dinkum'' (or "fair dinkum") means "true", or when used in speech: "is that true?", "this is the truth!", among other things, depending on context and inflection. It is often claimed that dinkum dates back to the [[Australian goldrushes]] of the 1850s,{{Fact|date=October 2007}} and that it is derived from the [[Cantonese (linguistics)|Cantonese]] (or Hokkien) ''ding kam'', meaning "top gold".{{Fact|date=October 2007}} But scholars give greater credence{{Fact|date=October 2007}} to the conjecture that it originated from the [[East Midlands]] dialect in England,{{Fact|date=October 2007}} where dinkum (or dincum) meant "hard work" or "fair work", which was also the original meaning in Australian English (though it is now extinct in the original dialect).{{Fact|date=October 2007}} The derivative ''dinky-di'' means 'true' or devoted: a 'dinky-di Aussie' is a 'true Australian'. However, this expression is limited to describing objects or actions that are characteristically Australian. The words ''dinkum'' or ''dinky-di'' and phrases like ''true blue'' are widely purported to be typical Australian sayings,{{Fact|date=October 2007}} even though they are more commonly used in jest or parody than as authentic slang.{{Fact|date=October 2007}}
 
Similarly, ''g'day'', a stereotypical Australian greeting, is no longer synonymous with "good day" in other varieties of English (it can be used at night time) and is never used as an expression for "farewell", as "good day" is in other countries.
 
Some elements of [[Australian Aboriginal languages|Aboriginal languages]] have been included into Australian English—mainly as names for places, flora and fauna (for example [[dingo]]). Beyond that, little has been adopted into the wider language, except for some localised terms and slang. Some examples are ''[[cooee]]'' and ''Hard [[yakka]]''. The former is used as a high-pitched call, for attracting attention, (pronounced {{IPA|/kʉː.iː/}}) which travels long distances. ''Cooee'' is also a notional distance: ''if he's within cooee, we'll spot him''. ''Hard yakka'' means ''hard work'' and is derived from ''yakka'', from the [[Yagara]]/[[Jagara]] language once spoken in the [[Brisbane]] region. Also from there is the word ''bung'', meaning broken or pretending to be hurt. A failed piece of equipment may be described as having ''bunged up'' or as "on the bung" or "gone bung". A person pretending to be hurt is said to be "bunging it on". A hurt person could say "I've got a bung knee".
 
Though often thought of as an Aboriginal word, [[didgeridoo]] (a well known wooden ceremonial musical instrument) is probably an [[onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]] word of Western invention. It has also been suggested that it may have an [[Irish language|Irish]] derivation.{{Fact|date=October 2007}}
 
{{main|List of English words of Australian Aboriginal origin}}
 
==Spelling==This section is linked from [[Australian spelling]]Australian spelling is almost always the same as British spelling, with only a few exceptions. The ''[[Macquarie Dictionary]]'' is generally used by publishers, schools, universities and governments as the standard spelling reference. Well-known differences to British spelling include:
*''program'' is more common than ''programme'' <ref>Peters, Pam. (1986) "Spelling principles", In: Peters, Pam, ed., Style in Australia: Current Practices in Spelling, Punctuation, Hyphenation, Capitalisation, etc.,</ref><ref>''The So Called "American Spelling." Its Consistency Examined.'' pre-1901 pamphlet, Sydney, E. J. Forbes. Quoted by Annie Potts in [http://www.bikwil.com/Vintage19/Webster's-Dictionary.html this article]</ref><ref>Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers of Australian Government Publications, Third Edition, Revised by John Pitson, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1978, page 10, "In general, follow the spellings given in the latest edition of the ''Concise Oxford Dictionary.''</ref>
*''jail'' is prevalent, ''gaol'' is generally still used in official contexts
*''-ise'' and ''-ize'' are both accepted, but ''-ise'' is preferred in Australian English by a ratio of about 3:1 according to the [[Macquarie Dictionary]].
 
There is a widely-held belief in Australia that controversies over spelling result from the "[[Americanization|Americanisation]]" of Australian English; the influence of American English in the late 20th century, but the debate over spelling is much older. For example, a pamphlet entitled ''The So-Called "American Spelling"'', published in Sydney some time before 1901, argued that "there is no valid etymological reason for the preservation of the ''u'' in such words as ''honor'', ''labor'', etc.",<ref>''The So Called "American Spelling." Its Consistency Examined.'' pre-1901 pamphlet, Sydney, E. J. Forbes. Quoted by Annie Potts in [http://www.bikwil.com/Vintage19/Webster's-Dictionary.html this article]</ref> alluding to older British spellings which also used the ''-or'' ending. The pamphlet also claimed that "the tendency of people in Australasia is to excise the u, and one of the Sydney morning papers habitually does this, while the other generally follows the older form". The [[Australian Labor Party|Australian ''Labor'' Party]] retains the ''-or'' ending it officially adopted in 1912. However, while many Australian newspapers did formerly "excise the u", in words like ''colour'', this is no longer the case. The town of [[Victor Harbor]] has the ''Victor Harbour Railway Station'' and the municipality's official website speculates that excising the ''u'' from the town's name was originally a "spelling error".<ref>http://www.victor.sa.gov.au <blockquote>It appears that the spelling of Victor Harbor without the 'u' started in the early days of the Colony. It was around the turn of the century that the ''u'' crept into the spelling of Harbor with new businesses spelling it including the ''u'' (which is the way most people would have been taught to spell harbour. The Victor Harbour Railway Station is still signposted today with the spelling including the ''u''. Victor Harbor was declared a legal Port on the 28th June 1838 and was officially known to the Harbour's Board as Port Victor until 1921. In 1921 due to the similarity of the name to Port Victoria on the Yorke Peninsula and the confusion it caused, it was decided by the Harbour's Board to change the name back by proclamation to its original name of Victor Harbor. The local newspaper the 'Victor Harbor Times' has always been published without the ''u'' since it started in 1912. It was gazetted in 1914 that the township was named as the 'Municipal Town of Victor Harbor'. It can be surmised from the above spelling of all South Australian Harbour's without the ''u'' that it originated probably from a spelling error made by an early Surveyor General of South Australia.</blockquote></ref> This continues to cause confusion in how the town is named in official and unofficial documents.<ref>http://www.smh.com.au/news/south-australia/victor-harbor/2005/02/17/1108500204729.html <blockquote>There were suggestions at the time that Victor Harbor would make an ideal harbour for the whole South Australian colony. Colonel Light was so convinced that Adelaide was the ideal spot that he looked at Victor Harbor and dismissed it.</blockquote></ref>
 
==Varieties of Australian English==
{{Main|Varieties of Australian English|Regional variation in Australian English}}
Most linguists consider there to be three main varieties of Australian English: Broad, General and Cultivated Australian English. They are part of a continuum, reflecting variations in accent. They often, but not always, reflect the [[social class]] or [[education]]al background of the speaker.
 
Broad Australian English is the most recognisable variety. It is familiar to English speakers around the world because it identifies Australian characters in non-Australian [[film]]s and [[television]] programs. Examples are television/film personalities [[Steve Irwin]] and [[Paul Hogan]]. Slang terms ''[[Ocker]]'', for a speaker, and ''[[Strine]]'', for the dialect, are used in Australia.
 
General Australian English is the [[stereotype|stereotypical]] variety of Australian English. It is the variety that the majority of Australians use and predominates among modern Australian films and television programs. Examples are actors [[Nicole Kidman]], [[Cate Blanchett]] and [[Russell Crowe]] (who, although born and partly-raised in New Zealand, does not speak [[New Zealand English]]).
 
Cultivated Australian English has many similarities to [[British English|British]] [[Received Pronunciation]], and is often mistaken for it. Cultivated Australian English is now spoken by less than 10% of the population. Examples are actors [[Judy Davis]] and [[Geoffrey Rush]].
 
There is significant variation in [[Australian English vocabulary]] between different regions; perhaps the most prominent example being the many [[Australian English vocabulary#Processed pork|names for processed pork]] products, generally known in other countries as "[[baloney]]" or "[[luncheon meat]]".{{Specify|date=July 2007}}
 
It is sometimes claimed that there are variations in accent and pronunciation among people of different states and territories. However, these are small in comparison to those of the British and American English, and Australian pronunciation is determined less by region than by social, cultural and educational influences. But there are some well-documented regional preferences. For example, in [[Tasmania]], words such as "dance", "grant" and "branch" are usually heard with the [[Phonological history of English short A#Trap-bath split|older pronunciation]] of these words, using {{IPAAusE|æ}}, whereas in [[South Australia]], {{IPAAusE|aː}} is preferred.<ref> Crystal, D. (1995). ''Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language''. Cambridge University Press.</ref> Both pronunciations are common in other parts of Australia, although when people sing the national anthem, "[[Advance Australia Fair]]", they often use {{IPA|[əd'vaːns]}} where they might otherwise use {{IPA|[əd'væːns]}}.
 
==Use of words by Australians==
 
Australian English makes frequent use of [[diminutive]]s. They are formed in various ways and are often used to indicate familiarity. Some examples are ''arvo'' (afternoon), ''servo'' ([[Filling station#service stations|service station]]), ''bottle-o'' ([[liquor store|bottle-shop]]), ''barbie'' (barbecue), ''cozzie'' (swimming costume), ''footy'' ([[Rugby League]] or [[Australian rules football]]) and ''mozzie'' (mosquito). Similar diminutives are commonly used for personal nicknames (''Johnno'', ''Fitzy''). Occasionally a ''-za'' diminutive is used, usually for personal names where the first of multiple syllables ends in an "r": so Barry becomes ''Bazza'' and Sharon ''Shazza''.
 
Many phrases once common to Australian English have become [[stereotypes]] and caricaturised exaggerations, and have largely disappeared from everyday use. Among the words less used are ''cobber'', ''strewth'', ''you beaut'' and ''crikey''; and stereotypical phrases like ''flat out like a lizard drinking'' are rarely used without irony.
 
The phrase ''put a [[shrimp on the barbie]]'' is a misquotation from a phrase made famous by [[Paul Hogan]] in tourism advertisements that aired in America. Australians use the word [[prawn]] rather than [[shrimp]], which means something quite different, and do not commonly [[barbecue]] them. Many people trying to impersonate or mock an Australian use this line, though it is generally only used by Australians, ironically, when mocking Americans making fun of Australians.{{Fact|date=August 2007}}
 
Australian patriotic song ''[[Waltzing Matilda]]'', written by bush poet [[Banjo Paterson]], contains many obsolete Australian words and phrases that appeal to a rural ideal and are understood by Australians even though they are not in common usage outside the song. One example is the title, which means travelling (particularly with a type of bed roll called a swag).
 
==Samples of Australian English==
One of the first writers to attempt renditions of Australian accents and vernacular was the novelist [[Joseph Furphy]] (a.k.a. Tom Collins), who wrote a popular account of rural New South Wales and Victoria during the 1880s, ''[[Such is Life]]'' (1903). [[C. J. Dennis]] wrote poems about working class life in Melbourne, such as ''[[The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke]]'' (1915), which was extremely popular and was made into a popular silent film (''[[The Sentimental Bloke]]''; 1919). [[John O'Grady]]'s novel ''[[They're a Weird Mob]]'' has many examples of pseudo-phonetically written Australian speech in Sydney during the 1950s, such as ''"owyergoinmateorright?"'' ("How are you going, mate? All right?") [[Thomas Keneally]]'s novels set in Australia, particularly ''[[The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith]]'', frequently use vernacular such as "yair" for "yes" and "noth-think" for "nothing". Other books of note are "Let's Talk Strine" by Afferbeck Lauder—where "Strine" is "Australian" and "Afferbeck Lauder" is "alphabetical order" (the book is in alphabetical order)—and "How to be Normal in Australia".
 
Some Australian [[actor]]s use their natural accents in international films and television programs. But Australian actors in non-Australian productions generally use non-Australian accents, or adjust their natural accent to make it broader and closer to the archetypal modern Australian accent. One example of an internationally-popular film containing several characters with Australian accents is ''[[Finding Nemo]]'', a 2003 computer-animated film. These characters include Nigel the Pelican (played by Geoffrey Rush), the three sharks, the sewage-eating crab, the dentist and his niece.
 
==See also==
*[[Australian Aboriginal English]]
*[[Australian English vocabulary]]
*[[International Phonetic Alphabet for English]]
*[[IPA chart for English]]
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==Note==
Estratto da "https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglese_australiano"