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Una '''digital audio workstation''' (DAW) è un sistema elettronico progettato per la [[registrazione]], l'[[editing]] e la riproduzione dell'[[audio digitale]]. Una caratteristica fondamentale delle DAW è la capacità di manipolare liberamente i suoni, allo stesso modo di un [[word processor]] che modifica le parole.
 
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Mentre quasi tutti i [[personal computer]] con un software di editing possono funzionare in qualche modo come una DAW, il termine si riferisce in generale a sistemi informatici con hardware per il [[campionamento audio]] di alta qualità e con un software dedicato alla registrazione e l'editing; alcuni di questi software sono commerciali come ad esempio [[Logic Pro]], [[Pro Tools]], [[Samplitude]], [[Cubase]], [[Cakewalk (società)|SONAR]], [[ACID Pro]], [[FL Studio]] (ex Fruityloops), [[Ableton Live]], [[Tracktion]] o [[Digital Performer]], altri invece sono [[software libero]] come ad esempio [[Audacity]], [[Ardour]] e [[LMMS]]. La maggior parte delle schede audio per le DAW richiedono una grande quantità di memoria [[RAM]] e un [[processore]] potente.
 
 
== Storia ==
 
La prima digital audio workstation fu sviluppata da Bob Ingebretsen e Jim Youngberg della Soundstream negli ultimi anni '70, usando un minicomputer PDP-11 della Digital Equipment Corporation. Montava un apposito software chiamato DAP (acronimo per Digital Audio Processor) progettato per l'editing audio digitale e il processamento di effetti. Un oscilloscopio a memoria collegato al minicomputer aveva la funzione di mostrare la forma d'onda del segnale. Le modifiche venivano apportate digitando comandi di tre lettere su un terminale separato, e si potevano verificare con l'ausilio dell'ascolto e dell'oscilloscopio.
 
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== Tipi di DAW ==
 
[[File:Ardour-screenshot-big.png|thumb|right|Ardour software DAW]]
 
Le DAW possono essere di due tipi:
 
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=== DAW Integrate ===
È costituita da un [[Mixer (consolle)|mixer]], una [[interfaccia]] di controllo, un convertitore audio e un [[supporto di memorizzazione]] in un unico apparecchio. Le DAW integrate erano molto popolari prima che i computer raggiungessero la potenza necessaria all'elaborazione dell'audio. Con la maggiore potenza dei computer e il loro generale abbassamento dei prezzi, la popolarità di questi sistemi è decrementata. Tuttavia, questi sistemi vengono ancora utilizzati nel mercato della radio e della televisione. Al giorno d'oggi alcuni sistemi offrono ancora soluzioni senza computer con una ricca [[interfaccia grafica]].
 
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==History==
 
The first digital audio workstation was developed by [[Soundstream]] in the late 1970s, using a [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] [[PDP-11]] [[minicomputer]] running a custom software package called "DAP" (for Digital Audio Processor) for digital audio editing and audio effects such as crossfades. A [[storage oscilloscope]] that was connected to the minicomputer acted as the audio waveform display. Edits were made by typing in three-letter commands on a separate [[computer terminal]], using the waveform display on the storage oscillioscope as a reference.
 
Audio on the system was stored on [[disk pack]] drives, with the audio transferred onto the drives from Soundstream's proprietary digital audio tape recorders using a [[Unibus]] tape-to-disk interface also of the company's own design. Soundstream also developed a digital-to-analog interface for this system for interfacing to conventional analog tape recorders as well.
 
In 1981, recording engineer [[Roger Nichols (recording engineer)|Roger Nichols]] built a digital audio workstation of his own design, using a [[S-100 bus]]-based computer with a [[Micropolis (company)|Micropolis]] 8" form factor 32 MB hard disk used for storage of digital audio data. It interfaced digitally to a [[3M]] multi-track digital audio tape recorder in his studio, and was used to edit audio from the recorder. Nichols' system was used during the recording and production of [[Donald Fagen]]'s [[1982]] album, ''[[The Nightfly]]''.
 
At the late 1980s, consumer level computers such as the [[Apple Macintosh]] or the [[Commodore Amiga]] started to have enough power to handle the task of digital audio editing. [[Macromedia]]'s [[Soundedit]] was the first audio editing software to appear for the Macintosh in 1986, but the concept was made popular by a company called [[Digidesign]], who in 1987 introduced one of the first hardware & software packages for a personal computer for editing audio. The software was originally called [[Sound Tools]] and it was later renamed to '''Pro Tools I'''. This was the predecessor to the now-industry standard [[Pro Tools]] system. Many major [[recording studios]] finally "went digital" because [[Digidesign]] had modelled its [[Pro Tools]] software after the traditional method and signal flow present in almost all analog recording devices.
 
In 1990 a company called OSC allong with Digidesign technicians launch a 4 track editing-recorder software called [[DECK II]], (only $399,95), employed in [[The Residents]]' "Freakshow" LP.
 
== Development ==
[[Musicians]] and [[composers]] long had a desire to integrate stereos, [[phonograph|turntable]]s, [[recording]] equipment, [[MIDI]] keyboards and even [[electric guitar]]s with computers. Serious computer-based composition tools began to appear with the [[Atari ST]] and [[Amiga]] computer systems. Enthusiasts continued to seek more integrated, easier-to-use and higher-performance tools for audio creation tasks. Many current DAWs even support integration with video streams allowing full A/V production.
 
See also: [[digital audio]], [[digital audio editor]], [[Virtual Studio Technology|VST]] (Virtual Studio Technology)
 
==Common functionality of computer-based DAWs==
As software systems, DAWs could be designed with any user interface, but generally they are based on a [[multitrack tape recorder]] metaphor, making it easier for [[recording engineer]]s and [[musicians]] already familiar with using tape recorders to become familiar with the new systems. Therefore, computer-based DAWs tend to have a standard layout which includes transport controls (play, rewind, record, etc.), track controls and/or a mixer, and a [[waveform]] display. In single-track DAWs, only one ([[monaural|mono]] or [[stereophonic sound|stereo]] form) sound is displayed at a time.
 
[[Multitrack]] DAWs support operations on multiple tracks at once. Like a [[mixing console]], each track typically has controls that allow the user to adjust the overall [[loudness|volume]] and stereo balance (pan) of the sound on each track. In a traditional recording studio additional processing is physically plugged in to the audio signal path, a DAW, however, uses software [[plugins]] to process the sound on a track.
 
While DAWs are capable of mimicking the functions of a traditional recording studio, there are areas where they excel, and in some cases they can do things that are impossible without a DAW.
 
Perhaps the most significant feature available on a DAW that is not available in analogue recording (some other forms of digital recording do have this) is the ability to 'undo' a previous action, which makes it much easier to avoid accidentally erasing or recording over a previous recording.
 
Commonly DAWs feature some form of automation, commonly performed through "envelope points." Each dot represents one envelope point. By creating and adjusting multiple points along a waveform or control events, the user can specify parameters of the output over time (e.g., volume or pan).
 
==Commercial systems==
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There are many DAW programs that provide recording and editing audio, recording and editing MIDI data, sound processing and synthesis. Commercial systems are often designed to run on Macintosh or Windows [[operating system]]s and are usually developed for profit.
 
Consolidation and compatibility within commercial spaces, along with the early adaptation by many major [[recording studios]] has bolstered the user base and reputation of [[Digidesign]]'s [[Pro Tools]] for recording and editing audio. Also [[Apple Computer]]'s [[Logic Pro]], [[MOTU]]'s [[Digital Performer]], [[Steinberg]]'s [[Cubase]], [[Cakewalk Sonar]], [[FL Studio]], and [[Ableton Live]] are all common choices for music production.
 
Detailed information of commercially available programs are available in other articles.
 
*[[Ableton Live]]
*[[Adobe Audition]]
*[[Cakewalk Sonar]]
*[[Cubase]]
*[[Digital Performer]]
*[[FL Studio]]
*[[Logic Pro]]
*[[Nuendo]]
*[[Pro Tools]]
*[[REAPER]]
*[[Samplitude]]
*[[Sony ACID]]
*[[Tracktion]]
 
Other professional DAWs that use a combination of hardware and software include;<br>
*[[Audeum]]
*[[Sonic Studio]]
*[[SADiE]]
*[[Radar]]
*[[Fairlight]]
 
SADie and Sonic Studio offer both [[Pulse-code modulation|LPCM]] and [[Direct Stream Digital|DSD]] production tools.
 
== Free and open source software==
 
[[Immagine:AudacityScreenshotLinux.png|thumb|right|Audacity screenshot]]
 
There are many [[free software|free]] and [[open-source software|open-source]] programs that can facilitate a DAW. These are often designed to run on a variety of [[operating system]]s and are usually developed non-commercially. The LADSPA [[plugin]] architecture, the JACK [[API]] and the ALSA [[soundcard]] driver represent the '[[cutting-edge]]' in free and open source DAW development for professional audio production.
 
The development of digital audio for [[Linux]] and [[BSD]] fostered technologies such as [[ALSA (Linux)|ALSA]], which drives audio hardware, and [[JACK Audio Connection Kit|JACK]] or [[aRts]] (audio Real-time synthesizer). JACK allows any JACK-aware audio software to connect to any other audio software running on the system, such as connecting an ALSA or [[Open Sound System|OSS]] driven soundcard to a mixing and editing front-end, like Audacity or Rosegarden. In this way, JACK acts as a virtual audio [[patch bay]], and it can be configured to use a computer's resources in [[real time]], with [[Flat memory model|dedicated memory]], and with various options that minimize the DAW's [[Low-latency|latency]]. This kind of abstraction and configuration allows [[DJ]]s to use multiple programs for editing and synthesizing audio streams, or [[multitasking]] and [[duplexing]], without the need for analogue conversion, or [[asynchronous]] saving and reloading files, and ensures a high level of [[High fidelity|audio fidelity]]. [[Linux]] and [[BSD]] also support the [[aRts]] platform, distributed with the K desktop environment, [[KDE]]. The aRts system is a modular software [[synthesizer]] and [[soundserver]] that handles system sounds, recording, playback, and other audio tasks within KDE. aRts [[module]]s may be assembled in custom configurations using [[aRts Builder]] and used in audio production. A comparable [[proprietary software|proprietary]] product is [[ReWire]].
 
There are several non-commercial and open-source [[front-end]] programs that can facilitate a DAW. [[Audacity]] is a free and open-source digital audio editor that can run on [[Mac OS X]], [[Microsoft Windows]], and [[Linux]]; it is particularly popular in the [[podcast]] community, and also has a large following among the visually-impaired due to its keyboard interface. [[Rosegarden]] is a multi-featured audio application designed for KDE that includes [[audio mixing]] plugins, a [[Music notation|notation editor]], and [[MIDI]] [[matrix editor]]. The [[MusE]] Sequencer is a similarly featured audio application that includes an [[audio mixer]], [[MIDI sequencer]], and soundserver that has been developed for Linux systems not running the K Desktop Environment. Other open-source programs include virtual [[synthesizer]]s and [[MIDI controller]]s, such as those provided by [[FluidSynth]] and [[TiMidity]]. Both can load [[Soundfonts]] to expand the voices and instruments available for [[synthesis]] and expand the ports and channels available to synthesizers. Such virtualization allows users to expand the traditional limitations of ADC-DAC hardware.
 
The Linux Audio Development mailing list, '''LAD''', is a major driving force in developing [[standardization|standards]], such as the [[LADSPA]] plugin architecture, for free and open systems. The [[VST]] plugin standard is supported as an option by some such programs but is generally implemented as a separate plugin, not a built-in option, due to [[Steinberg]]'s licensing scheme. Among others, the creators of Audacity provide an optional, somewhat minimalist, VST-to-LADSPA bridge plugin for their software, but it is a separate download.
 
==See also==
* [[Audio restoration]]
* [[Multitracking]]
* [[Comparison of multitrack recording software]]
 
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== Collegamenti esterni (in inglese) ==
Estratto da "https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstation_audio_digitale"