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{{T|lingua=inglese|data=ottobre 2006|argomento=informatica}}
{{Infobox_Software |
nome = Sendmail|
Line 18 ⟶ 17:
 
== Storia ==
Sendmail è un programma molto flessibile, che discende dall'originale ''[[delivermail]]'' di [[ARPANET]]. Supporta moltimolte tipotipologie di trasferimento e invio di mail incluso il popolarissimo [[SMTP]]. La versione originale di Sendmail fu scritta da [[Eric Allman]] nei primi anni '80 alla [[Università della California, Berkeley|Università di Berkeley]] in [[California]], che aveva anche precedentemente scritto [[delivermail]]. [[Delivermail]] era incluso nel 1979 con [[BSD]] versione 4.0 e 4.1. Sendmail fu incluso in [[BSD]] dalla versione 4.1c nel 1983 (la prima versione di BSD a includere TCP/IP).
 
Sendmail è ancora il più popolare Mail Server di Internet, sebbene stia perdendo posizioni. La sua popolarità è probabilmente dovuta al fatto che è il Mail Server standard della maggior parte delle varianti di [[Unix]]. Secondo uno studio del [[2001]], il 42% circa dei Mail server raggiungibili via Internet usavano Sendmail. Perfino la Microsoft Corp., per niente amica dell'[[Open source]], un tempo usava Sendmail come E-Mail server interno (e forse lo usa ancora).
 
Sendmail è un pacchetto complesso con molte funzionalità. Può essere difficile da mettere in piedi per un [[sistemista]], e la scarsa documentazione spesso non aiuta. Ad esempio, pur essendoci da molto tempo diversi sistemi di configurazione basati sulle macro, molti siti di supporto suggeriscono ai sistemisti di modificare direttamente il file ''sendmail.cf''. La mancanza di aggiornamento del materiale di supporto da parte di molti venditori contribuisce a dare la percezione che Sendmail sia un pacchetto di difficile configurazione.
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logo = [[Image:Sendmail logo.gif|right|200px|Sendmail logo]]|
 
La difficoltà di configurazione di Sendmail ha un aspetto positivo: è uno dei più flessibili e scalabili Mail Server. Nell'installazione di base, Sendmail supporta un'ampia varietà di protocolli, inclusi [[SMTP]], [[ESMTP]], DECnet's mail11, HylaFax, QuickPage and [[UUCP]]. In più, nel 2001 Sendmail v8.12 ha introdotto l supporto per [[Milter]] (un programma/server esterno per il filtraggio delle mail che può partecipare ad ogni passo della comunicazione [[SMTP]]).
== History and use ==
A descendant of the original [[ARPANET]] ''[[delivermail]]'' application, Sendmail is a remarkably flexible program, supporting many kinds of mail transfer and delivery including the overwhelmingly popular [[SMTP]]. The original version of Sendmail was written by [[Eric Allman]] in the early [[1980s]] at [[UC Berkeley]], who had also written [[delivermail]] previously. [[Delivermail]] was shipped in 1979 with 4.0 and 4.1 [[BSD]]. Sendmail was shipped with [[BSD]] 4.1c in 1983 (the first BSD version to include TCP/IP).
 
== Sicurezza ==
Sendmail remains the most popular MTA on the Internet, although this is probably fading. Its popularity is due in part to its position as the standard MTA under most variants of the [[Unix]] operating system. According to one study, [[as of 2001|as of November 2001]] approximately 42% of the publicly reachable mail servers on the Internet were running Sendmail. Even Microsoft Corp., no friend of [[FOSS]] software, at one time (and may still) front-ended their internal E-Mail systems with Sendmail.
Sendmail nacque agli albori dell'Internet moderna, quando la sicurezza non era un problema così sentito come oggi. Le prime versioni di Sendmail avevano diverse vulnerabilità - ad esempio, l'[[Internet worm]] Morris sfruttava un [[buffer overflow]] di Sendmail. L'odierno Sendmail, correttamente configurato, non è meno (o più) sicuro di altri mail server moderni, come [[qmail]], [[Exim]], [[Postfix]], o una delle tante alternative che esistono oggi.
 
Sendmail is a complex package with a great deal of functionality. It can be difficult for the inexperienced sysadmin to set up, and poor documentation by many system vendors doesn't help. For example, despite the long availability of the macro-based configuration tools, many support websites instruct sysadmins to hack the ''sendmail.cf'' file directly. The failure of vendors to update their support materials contributes to the perception of Sendmail as a difficult-to-configure package.
 
The complexity of Sendmail has an upside: it is one of the most flexible and scalable MTAs. Out-of-the-box, Sendmail supports a variety of mail transfer protocols, including [[SMTP]], [[ESMTP]], DECnet's mail11, HylaFax, QuickPage and [[UUCP]]. Additionally, Sendmail v8.12 [[as of 2001|as of September 2001]] introduced support for [[Milter]] - external mail filtering programs/servers that can participate in each step of the [[SMTP]] conversation.
 
== Security ==
Sendmail was born at the dawn of the modern Internet, and security was less of a concern then than it is now. Early Sendmail had any number of vulnerabilities - for example, the [[Morris (computer worm)|Robert Tappan Morris internet worm]] exploited a buffer overflow in Sendmail. Modern Sendmail, correctly configured, is no less (or more) secure that other modern MTAs, such as [[qmail]], [[Exim]], [[Postfix_(software)|Postfix]] or any of the many other alternatives that exist nowadays.
 
== Sendmail X ==
TheLa nextprossima generationgenerazione ofdi Sendmail isè calleddetta [http://www.sendmail.org/sm-X/index.html sendmailSendmail X] (previouslyprima itera wasstata calledchiamata sendmailSendmail 9)., Ite isnon notè anuna evolutionevoluzione ofdi Sendmail versionversione 8.
 
TheLa firstprima release ofdi Sendmail X ([http://www.sendmail.org/sm-X/release.html smX-0.0.0.0]) wasè madestata availableresa ondisponibile il [[October 30 ottobre]] [[2005]]. L'ultimo Therilascio latest release isè [http://sendmail.org/sm-X/release-smX-1.0.PreAlpha7.0.html smX-1.0.PreAlpha7.0.] and was released ondel [[May20 20maggio]] [[2006]]. Sendmail X.1.0.PreAlpha7.0 hasadesso nowha thela samestessa licenselicenza asdi sendmailSendmail 8.
 
== Sendmail-8 ==
 
=== ReleasesRilasci ===
* [http://www.sendmail.org/releases/8.13.8.html Sendmail-8.13.8] [[2006-08-09]]
* [http://www.sendmail.org/8.13.0.html Sendmail-8.13.0] [[2004-06-20]]
* [http://www.sendmail.org/8.12.0.html Sendmail-8.12.0] [[2001-09-08]]
* [http://www.sendmail.org/8.11.0.html Sendmail-8.11.0] [[2000-07-19]]
* Sendmail-8.10.0 [[2000-03-01]]
* Sendmail-8.9.0 [[1998-05-19]]
* Sendmail-8.8.0 [[1996-09-26]]
* Sendmail-8.7 [[1995-09-16]]
* Sendmail-8.6 [[1993-10-05]]
* ...
* Sendmail-8.1 [[1993-06-07]] - 4.4BSD freeze. No semantic changes.
 
=== Storia delle Vulnerabilità (in inglese) ===
''The information is based on [http://www.sendmail.org/ftp/RELEASE_NOTES RELEASE_NOTES file] from sendmail distribution.''
 
Vulnerabilità di Sendmail nei bollettini e segnalazioni dei [[CERT]].
=== History of Vulnerabilities ===
* {{cite web|title=TA06-081A Sendmail Race Condition Vulnerability|work=US-CERT Alerts|url=http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA06-081A.html}}▼
* {{cite web|title=CA-2003-25 Buffer Overflow in Sendmail|work=CERT Advisories|url=http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-2003-25.html|accessdate=January 7|accessyear=2005}}▼
* {{cite web|title=CA-2003-12 Buffer Overflow in Sendmail|work=CERT Advisories|url=http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-2003-12.html|accessdate=January 7|accessyear=2005}}▼
* {{cite web|title=CA-2003-07 Remote Buffer Overflow in Sendmail|work=CERT Advisories|url=http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-2003-07.html|accessdate=January 7|accessyear=2005}}▼
* {{cite web|title=CA-1997-05 MIME Conversion Buffer Overflow in Sendmail Versions 8.8.3 and 8.8.4|work=CERT Advisories|url=http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-1997-05.html|accessdate=January 7|accessyear=2005}} ▼
* {{cite web|title=CA-1996-25 Sendmail Group Permissions Vulnerability|work=CERT Advisories|url=http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-1996-25.html|accessdate=January 7|accessyear=2005}}▼
* {{cite web|title=CA-1996-24 Sendmail Daemon Mode Vulnerability|work=CERT Advisories|url=http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-1996-24.html|accessdate=January 7|accessyear=2005}}▼
* {{cite web|title=CA-1996-20 Sendmail Vulnerabilities|work=CERT Advisories|url=http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-1996-20.html|accessdate=January 7|accessyear=2005}}▼
 
== Bibliografia ==
Sendmail vulnerabilities in CERT advisories and alerts.
* {{cite book|title=sendmail, 3rd Edition|author=Bryan Costales with Eric Allman|publisher=[[O'Reilly Media|O'Reilly and Associates]]|year=December 2002|id=ISBN }} — ThisQuesta isè the Sendmailla "biblebibbia" containingdi 1232Sendmail pagesdi aboutben Sendmail1232 pagine. ItE' isanche alsoconosciuta known ascome [http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/sendmail3/ "The Bat Book"], becausea ofcausa thedel picturedisegno onsulla itssua covercopertina. The 1st EditionLa wasprima publishededizione inè Novemberdel 1993.▼
▲* {{cite web|title=TA06-081A Sendmail Race Condition Vulnerability|work=US-CERT Alerts|url=http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA06-081A.html}}
▲* {{cite web|title=CA-2003-25 Buffer Overflow in Sendmail|work=CERT Advisories|url=http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-2003-25.html|accessdate=January 7|accessyear=2005}}
▲* {{cite web|title=CA-2003-12 Buffer Overflow in Sendmail|work=CERT Advisories|url=http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-2003-12.html|accessdate=January 7|accessyear=2005}}
▲* {{cite web|title=CA-2003-07 Remote Buffer Overflow in Sendmail|work=CERT Advisories|url=http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-2003-07.html|accessdate=January 7|accessyear=2005}}
▲* {{cite web|title=CA-1997-05 MIME Conversion Buffer Overflow in Sendmail Versions 8.8.3 and 8.8.4|work=CERT Advisories|url=http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-1997-05.html|accessdate=January 7|accessyear=2005}}
▲* {{cite web|title=CA-1996-25 Sendmail Group Permissions Vulnerability|work=CERT Advisories|url=http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-1996-25.html|accessdate=January 7|accessyear=2005}}
▲* {{cite web|title=CA-1996-24 Sendmail Daemon Mode Vulnerability|work=CERT Advisories|url=http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-1996-24.html|accessdate=January 7|accessyear=2005}}
▲* {{cite web|title=CA-1996-20 Sendmail Vulnerabilities|work=CERT Advisories|url=http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-1996-20.html|accessdate=January 7|accessyear=2005}}
 
== Bibliography ==
▲* {{cite book|title=sendmail, 3rd Edition|author=Bryan Costales with Eric Allman|publisher=[[O'Reilly Media|O'Reilly and Associates]]|year=December 2002|id=ISBN }} — This is the Sendmail "bible" containing 1232 pages about Sendmail. It is also known as [http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/sendmail3/ "The Bat Book"], because of the picture on its cover. The 1st Edition was published in November 1993.
* {{cite book|title=sendmail 8.13 Companion|author=Bryan Costales, George Jansen, Claus Assmann, Gregory Shapiro|publisher=[[O'Reilly Media|O'Reilly and Associates]]|year=September 2004|id=ISBN }} — A companion to ''sendmail, 3rd Edition'', this book documents the improvements in V8.13 in parallel with its release.
* {{cite book|title=sendmail Cookbook|author=Craig Hunt|publisher=[[O'Reilly]]|year=December 2003|id=ISBN }}
* {{cite book|title=sendmail Performance Tuning|author=Nick Christenson|publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]]|year=[[2002-09-13]]|id=ISBN }} [http://www.awprofessional.com/bookstore/product.asp?isbn=0321115708&rl=1]
 
==See alsoVedi anche ==
*[[MailClient Deliverydi Agentposta]]
*[[Mail User AgentPostfix]]
*[[Postfix (software)| Postfix]]
 
== ExternalCollegamenti linksesterni ==
* Sendmail Consortium, [http://www.sendmail.org/ sendmail.org]
* Sendmail, Inc., [http://www.sendmail.com/ sendmail.com]
* Milter.org, Sendmail MILTERs [http://www.milter.org]
* MIMEDefang, A Sendmail MILTER package [http://www.mimedefang.org]
* Daniel J. Bernstein, [http://cr.yp.to/surveys/smtpsoftware6.txt Internet host SMTP server survey], NovemberNovembre 2001
* Mike Brodbelt, [http://www.coruscant.demon.co.uk/mike/sendmail/history.html A brief history of mail]
* [http://sendmail.org/~ca/email/sm-X/design-2004-09-20/main/main.html#SECTION00311000000000000000 Sendmail X architecture overview]
* {{cite news|url=http://technetcast.ddj.com/tnc_program.html?program_id=32|title=History of Sendmail: Interview with Eric Allman|publisher=Dr. Dobb's Journal|date=1999|first=Philippe|last=Lourier}}
* {{cite paperweb|author=Eric Allman ''et al.''|url=http://www.sendmail.org/~gshapiro/Sendmail-8.10.Paper.pdf|title=Sendmail Evolution: 8.10 and Beyond|date=1999}} — presentedpresentato atalla theConferenza Tecnica Annuale [[USENIX]] Annual Technical Conference
* {{cite news|url=http://linux.sys-con.com/read/33904.htm|title=A Talk with the Father of sendmail|publisher=LinuxWorld|date=[[2003-08-11]]|first=Alan|last=Williamson}}
 
 
[[Categoria:Posta elettronica]]
[[Categoria:Informatica]]
 
 
[[Category:Mail transport agents]]
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Estratto da "https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendmail"