Lingua aleutina: differenze tra le versioni

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Le principali varietà dialettali sono l'aleutino orientale, l'atkan e l'tttuan.
 
Tra i dialetti del gruppo orientale meritano una speciale menzione l'unalaska, il belkofski, l'akutan, il pribilof, il kashega e il nikolski. Il dialetto delle Pribilof è quello che conta il maggior numero di parlanti viventi.
 
Il gruppo atkan comprende i dialetti di Atka e dell'[[Isola di Bering]].
 
L'attuan, oggi estinto, era un dialetto distinto che presentava elementi di transizione tra l'atkan e l'aleutino orientale. L'aleutino dell'Isola di Copper (noto anche come aleutino di Mednj) è un [[creolo]] tra attuan e russo, dovuto agli insediamenti russi presenti sull'[[Isola Mednyj|Isola del Rame]] (in russo Медный, ''Medny'' o ''Mednyj''). Per ironia della sorte, l'attuale aleutino dell'isola di Mednyj è parlato unicamente sull'isola di Bering, su cui gli abitanti dell'isola di Mednyj furono evacuati nel 1969.
 
Tutti i dialetti presentano influenze lessicali dal [[lingua russa|russo]]; l'aleutino dell'isola di Copper ha anche adottato molte parole con terminazioni russe.
Riga 48:
=== Consonanti ===
 
I [[fonema|fonemi]] [[consonanti]]ci dei vari dialetti aleutini sono riportati nella tabella sotto. La prima riga di ogni cella indica la rappresentazione in [[Alfabeto fonetico internazionale]] del fonema in questione; la seconfa riga indica la trascrizione del fonema secondo l'ortografia aleutina. Le forme ortografiche in ''corsivo'' rappresentano prestiti fonetici dal russo o dall'inglese, mentre le forme ortografiche in '''grassetto''' rappresentano i fonemi nativi aleutini. Si tenga presente che alcuni fonemi sono limitati ad alcune varietà dialettali dell'aleutino.
 
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:<sup>‡</sup> Riscontrato soltanto in Atkan e in alcuni prestiti
 
Taff et al. (2001, p.&nbsp;234) riportano che il moderno aleutino orientale ha perduto molte distinzioni sonore tra nasali, [[consonante sibilante|sibilanti]] e approssimanti.
 
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Riga 217:
== Research history ==
 
The first contact of people from the Eastern Hemisphere with the Aleut language occurred in 1741, as [[Vitus Bering]]'s expedition picked up place names and the names of the Aleut people they met. The first recording of the Aleut language in lexicon form appeared in a word list of the Unalaskan dialect compiled by [[Captain James King]] on [[James Cook|Cook]]'s voyage in 1778. At that time the Imperial Academy of Sciences in [[Saint Petersburg]] became interested in the Aleut language upon hearing of Russian expeditions for trading.
 
In [[Catherine the Great]]'s project to compile a giant comparative dictionary on all the languages spoken in what was the spread of the [[Russian empire]] at that time, she hired [[Peter Simon Pallas]] to conduct the fieldwork that would collect linguistic information on Aleut. During an expedition from 1791 to 1792, Carl Heinrich Merck and Michael Rohbeck collected several word lists and conducted a census of the male population that included prebaptismal Aleut names. Explorer [[Yuriy Feodorovich Lisyansky]] compiled several word lists. in 1804 and 1805, the czar's plenipotentiary, [[Nikolai Rezanov|Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov]] collected some more. [[Johann Christoph Adelung]] and [[Johann Severin Vater]] published their ''Mithridates oder allgemeine Sprachkunde 1806-1817'', which included Aleut among the languages it catalogued, similar to Catherine the Great's dictionary project.
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The first Frenchman to record Aleut was [[Alphonse Pinart]], in 1871, shortly after the [[United States]] purchase of [[Alaska]]. A French-Aleut grammar was also produced by Victor Henry, entitled "Esquisse d'une grammaire raisonnee de la langue aleoute d'apres la grammaire et le vocabulaire de Ivan Veniaminov" (Paris, 1879). In 1878, American [[Lucien M. Turner]] began work on collecting words for a word list. [[Benedykt Dybowski]], a Pole, began taking word lists from the dialects the Commander Islands in 1881, while Nikolai Vasilyevich Slyunin, a Russian doctor, did the same in 1892.
 
From 1909 to 1910, the [[ethnologist]] [[Waldemar Jochelson]] traveled to the Aleut communities of Unalaska, Atka, Attu and Nikolski. He spent nineteen months there doing fieldwork. Jochelson collected his ethnographic work with the help of two Unalaskan speakers, [[Aleksey Yachmenev]] and [[Leontiy Sivstov]]. He recorded many Aleut stories, folklore and myth, and had many of them not only written down but also recorded in audio. Jochelson discovered much vocabulary and grammar when he was there, adding to the scientific knowledge of the Aleut language.
 
In the 1930s, two native Aleuts wrote down works that are considered breakthroughs in the use of Aleut as a literary language. Afinogen K. Ermeloff wrote down a literary account of a shipwreck in his native language, while Ardelion G. Ermeloff kept a diary in Aleut during the decade. At the same time, linguist [[Melville Jacobs]] picked up several new texts from Sergey Golley, an Atkan speaker who was hospitalized at the time.
 
John P. Harrington furthered research into the Pribilof Island dialect on [[Saint Paul Island, Alaska|St. Paul Island]] in 1941, collecting some new vocabulary along the way. In 1944, the [[United States Department of the Interior]] published ''The Aleut Language'' as part of the war effort, allowing [[World War II]] soldiers to understand the language of the Aleuts. This [[English language]] project was based on Veniaminov's work.
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* Kraus, Michael E. (2007). "Native languages of Alaska". In: ''The Vanishing Voices of the Pacific Rim'', ed. by Osahito Miyaoko, Osamu Sakiyama, and Michael E. Krauss. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 
* Sadock, Jerrold M. (2000). "Aleut Number Agreement". Presented at Berkeley Linguistic Society [http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/BLS/] 26th Annual Meeting.
 
== Collegamenti esterni ==
* [{{cita web|url=http://www.alaska.edu/uaf/anlc/search/collectionList.html?collection=AL&name=Aleut&list2=container&list=Aleut |titolo=University of Alaska Fairbanks, Aleut Collections List]}}
* [{{cita web|http://beringisland.ru/aleuts/aleuts_lang2.shtm |Aleut Language (In Russian)]}}
* [{{cita web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ale |titolo=Ethnologue report for Aleut]}}
* [{{cita web|http://www.asna.ca/alaska |Alaskan Orthodox Christian texts (Aleut)]}}
* [{{cita web|url=http://www.rosettaproject.org/archive/eskimo-aleut/americas/alw/view?searchterm=Aleut |titolo=Information on Aleut at the Rosetta Project]}}
 
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