Garrett Systems: differenze tra le versioni
Contenuto cancellato Contenuto aggiunto
Nessun oggetto della modifica |
Nessun oggetto della modifica |
||
Riga 1:
{{
{{Azienda
|nome = Garrett Systems
Riga 36:
'''Garrett Systems''' è un'importante azienda [[Stati Uniti d'America|statunitense]] che opera in campo industriale, come produttrice di [[turbina|turbocompressori]].
'''Garrett AiResearch''' fu un costruttore di motori [[turboprop]] e [[turbocompressori]], e pioniere nell'ambito aerospazio. Già nota come '''Aircraft Tool and Supply Company''', '''Garrett Supply Company''', '''AiResearch Manufacturing Company''', o semplicemente '''AiResearch'''. Nel 1964, Garrett AiResearch si fonde con [[Signal Oil & Gas]] e formano nel 1968 [[Signal Companies]], che nel 1985 diventa [[Allied Corp.]] e poi [[AlliedSignal]]. Nel 1999 AlliedSignal acquisice [[Honeywell]] e adotta il nome Honeywell.
Al pari delle altre due grandi aziende del settore, [[IHI Group]] e [[AG Kühnle, Kopp & Kausch]], è nota essenzialmente per le applicazioni in campo [[autovettura|automobilistico]], ma va segnalato che in passato, soprattutto agli albori della sua storia, realizzava soluzioni valide anche per impieghi [[aeronautica|aeronautici]].
Riga 47:
[[Cliff Garrett|John Clifford "Cliff" Garrett]] fondò la società a [[Los Angeles]] nel 1936 come '''Garrett AiResearch''' o solo '''AiResearch'''.<ref>See "Built on Thin Air," ''Time Magazine'', November 16, 1962, retrieved at http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,829434,00.html. The company was first named Aircraft Tool and Supply Company, then by early 1937 was renamed as Garrett Supply Company, and by 1939, AiResearch and shortly thereafter AiResearch Manufacturing Company, which then became a division within the Garrett Corporation. See Seymour L. Chapin, "Garrett and Pressurized Flight: A Business Built on Thin Air," ''Pacific Historical Review'' 35 (August 1966): 329-343; and William A. Schoneberger and Robert R. H. Scholl, ''Out of Thin Air: Garrett's First 50 Years'', Phoenix: Garrett Corporation, 1985 (ISBN 0-9617029-0-7).</ref> Già operativa la Garrett Supply and Airsupply, nel 1939 Cliff Garrett fondò un piccolo laboratorio "air research" per la pressurizzazione delle cabine degli aerei.<ref>Garrett AiResearch "AiReporter," October 1969, p. 3.</ref> "[AiResearch's] primo 'laboratorio' fu in un piccolo edificio sulla [[Melrose Avenue]] a Los Angeles".<ref name="AiReporter, cited previously">AiReporter, cited previously.</ref>
Nel 1939 Garrett creò la "Garrett Corporation" e le tre divisioni origini: Airsupply Division, Garrett Supply Division, e AiResearch Manufacturing Division. Necessitando di maggior spazio costruì una fabbrica a [[Glendale (California)]], e modificò il nome della società in AiResearch Manufacturing Company. Dal 1941, AiResearch si ingrandì, e il 28 aprile 1941 si spostò da Glendale a un sito che fino ad allora stava sulla [[Sepulveda Boulevard]], angolo [[Century Boulevard]] vicino Mines Field, che divenne poi il [[Los Angeles International Airport]].<ref>This facilility remained open until 1990, when operations were consolidated at previous facilities in [[Torrance, California]]. "Relocations from Sepulveda Facility," "Spectrum," Allied Signal, December 1990.</ref> Nel 1942, la [[United States Army Air Forces]] stabilì che la vitale importanze della produzione delle cabine pressurizzate doveva essere nell'entroterra, lontano dalla costa, e AiResearch creò al AiResearch Phoenix Division a [[Phoenix (Arizona)]].<ref name="AiReporter, cited previously" />
<!--
==Prodotti==
===1939-1949===
The Company's first major product was an oil cooler for military aircraft. Garrett designed and produced oil coolers for the Douglas [[A-20 Havoc|DB-7]].<ref name="AiReporter, cited previously" /> [[Boeing]]'s [[B-17 Flying Fortress|B-17 bombers]], credited with substantially tipping the air war in America's and Great Britain's favor over Europe and the Pacific, were outfitted with Garrett [[intercooler]]s, as was the [[B-25 Mitchell|B-25]].<ref>Schoneberger and Scholl, p. 62.</ref> The Company developed and produced the [[cabin pressurization|cabin pressure system]] for the [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29 bomber]], the first production bomber pressurized for high altitude flying. By the end of World War II, AiResearch engineers had developed air expansion cooling turbines for America's first jet aircraft, the [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]] [[P-80 Shooting Star]]. In all during World War II, Garrett AiResearch sold US$112 million in military equipment and had as many as 5,000 employees at peak.<ref>"Business: Mighty Might," [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821844,00.html][[Time Magazine]], October 29, 1951.</ref>
Having to scale back its workforce to just 600 employees at the end of the war stimulated Garrett to look for new income sources. "He found them in the small turbines which patient Engineer [Walter] Ramsaur had been perfecting since 1943. So that jet pilots could endure the heat generated by air friction at supersonic speeds, a way had to be found to cool their cockpits. Ramsaur's turbine provided the answer; by putting an engine's heat to work turning the turbine, it cooled the air by expanding it, shot the air into the cockpit. As rearmament got under way, Garrett began turning out a total of 700 accessory products. With the Navy order for [an on-board engine] self-starter, [by 1951] Garrett Corp. [had] a $120 million backlog, enough to keep 5,500 workers on three shifts busy for at least the next three years".<ref>See "Business: Mighty Might", cited previously.</ref>
By the end of the 1940s, Garrett Corporation was listed on the [[New York Stock Exchange]]. "In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Garrett was heavily committed to the design of small gas turbine engines from 20 - 90 horse power (15 - 67 kW). The engineers had developed a good background in the [[metallurgy]] of [[Enclosure (electrical)|housing]]s, high speed [[seal (mechanical)|seal]]s, radial inflow [[turbines]], and [[centrifuge|centrifugal]] [[Gas compressor|compressor]]s".<ref>[http://www.turbochargedpower.com/History.htm Turbocharged Power Systems] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019020337/http://www.turbochargedpower.com/History.htm |date=October 19, 2008 }}</ref>
===Anni '50 -'60===
By 1949, the Sepulveda Blvd. property was increasingly constrained by the demand for development of commercial space near the fast-growing Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). At that time, 2000 people worked at the facility "and Garrett was ranked one of the top three aircraft accessory manufacturers in the world".<ref>"Spectrum," cited previously.</ref> In 1959 ground was broken for construction of an additional facility at 190th Street and [[Crenshaw Boulevard]] in [[Torrance, California]]. Part of that facility was occupied a year later. "By 1962, 1000 employees were working at the Torrance location and by 1972, 3000 employees were based there".<ref>"Spectrum," cited earlier.</ref> After a gradual series of moves, the Sepulveda facility was closed in 1990.<ref>"During this time, the Sepulveda property was under continual siege by the L.A. Department of Airports, the L.A. Planning Commission and others, desperate for this valuable piece of real estate. Offers received never came close to the property's true value. The early '60s brought the Dept. of Airports' first condemnation suit....Finding a buyer with a fair price, Allied Signal decided in Fall 1987 to close the Sepulveda plant...." "Spectrum", cited previously.</ref>
During the 1950s AiResearch initiated activities in the field of aircraft electronics, "first with an [[angle of attack|angle-of-attack]] computer to eliminate gunfire error and then with its first delivery of a complete centralized [[air data computer|air data system]]".<ref name="AiReporter, cited previously"/> In the 1950s and 1960s Garrett diversified and expanded. Garrett AiResearch designed and produced a wide range of military and industrial products for aerospace and general industry. It focused on fluid controls and [[hydraulics]], [[avionics]], [[turbocharger]]s, [[aircraft engine]]s, and [[Environmental Control System|environmental control systems]] for aircraft and spacecraft. "By 1960 Garrett gas turbines, cabin pressurization systems, air conditioners, and flight control systems were aboard the [[Convair 880]], [[Lockheed Super Constellation]], [[Vickers Viscount]], [[Sud Aviation Caravelle]], [[Douglas DC-8]], and [[Boeing 707]]. The company had also developed the first inflatable airliner [[evacuation slide]]s".<ref>[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Allied-Signal-Engines-Company-History.html Funding Universe]</ref>
In the 1950s and 1960s Garrett pioneered the development of [[foil bearings]], which were first installed as original equipment on the [[McDonnell-Douglas DC-10]] in 1969 and then became standard equipment on all U.S. military aircraft.<ref>M. A. Barnett and A. Silver, "Application of Air Bearings to High-Speed Turbomachinery," Society of Automotive Engineers International, Technical Paper No. 700720 (September 1970), available at http://www.sae.org/servlets/productDetail?PROD_TYP=PAPER&PROD_CD=700720; Scholer Bangs, "Foil Bearings Help Air Passengers Keep their Cool," ''Power Transmission Design'' (February 1973).</ref> In the 1960s, AiResearch Environmental Control Systems provided the [[life support system|life supporting atmosphere]] for American astronauts in the projects [[Project Mercury|Mercury]], [[Project Gemini|Gemini]], [[Apollo program|Apollo]], and [[Skylab]].
Garrett AiResearch is credited with inventing one of the first complete [[Microprocessor#CADC|microprocessors]], when it developed the 20-bit [[MP944]] [[Central Air Data Computer]] for the [[US Navy]]'s [[F-14 Tomcat]] fighter in 1968-1970.
On the industrial side, the first T-15 [[Turbocharger]] was delivered to the [[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar Company]] in 1955.<ref>"Honeywell Celebrates 100 Years of Turbo; 50th Year of Garrett Turbocharged Vehicle," [http://wagnertech.wordpress.com/2005/08/02/honeywell-celebrates-100-years-of-turbo-50th-year-of-garrett%C2%AE-turbocharged-vehicle/ Wagner Tech's Mopar Blog, August 2, 2005].</ref> It was followed by an order for 5,000 production units, to be installed in the [[Caterpillar D9]] tractor. "On September 27, 1954, Cliff Garrett made the decision to separate the turbocharger group from the Gas Turbine department due to commercial [[diesel engine|diesel]] turbocharger opportunities. That was the beginning of the new AiResearch Industrial Division for turbocharger design and manufacturing". This new division was established in [[Phoenix, Arizona]].<ref>[http://www.turbochargedpower.com/History.htm Turbo History] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019020337/http://www.turbochargedpower.com/History.htm |date=October 19, 2008 }}</ref> AiResearch Industrial Division ("AID") would later be renamed Garrett Automotive.
Following the first phase of the Caterpillar project, Garrett turbochargers saw wider use on earth-moving equipment, in tractors, stationary powerplants, railroad locomotives and ships. The Garrett T11 automotive turbocharger came into being in 1960 and promptly became popular with diesel truck operators.
By 1962, Garrett was powering the world’s first turbocharged production car, the [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#Turbo Jetfire|Oldsmobile Jetfire Rocket]]. This was followed by several other firsts, including the first turbocharged car to win the [[Indianapolis 500]] (1968), the first turbo for a non sports car application (1977-[[Saab 99]]), the first mass production turbo for diesel engines (1978-[[Mercedes-Benz W116|Mercedes 300SD]]), and the first turbo to win the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] (1978-[[Renault]])".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://turbo.honeywell.com/why-choose-honeywell/turbo-pioneer/ |title=Honeywell Heritage: A Hallmark Throughout Turbo History " Booster Online |publisher=Honeywellbooster.com |accessdate=2009-10-28}}</ref><ref>[http://turbo.honeywell.com/why-choose-honeywell/industry-firsts/ Industry firsts (turbo)] [retrieved online May 27, 2012]</ref>
===Anni '70===
[[File:Sectioned Garrett AiResearch turbocharger.JPG|thumbnail|Garrett AiResearch turbocompressore di un trattore agricolo [[Valmet tractor|Valmet]], sezionato per scopi didattici.]]
In the 1970s Garrett's expanding industrial and other non-military applications had changed the basic sources of income. "At the start of the decade sales to the military accounted for 70 percent of the company's business. At the end of the ten years, largely because of turbochargers and [[general aviation]] products, the situation was reversed. Commercial sales made up 70 percent; military had dropped to 30 percent".<ref name="Schoneberger and Scholl, p. 228">Schoneberger and Scholl, p. 228.</ref> Also by the end of the decade "sales had reached $1.3 billion; backlog was $1.9 billion".<ref name="Schoneberger and Scholl, p. 228"/>
-->
==Fusioni==
Per evitare acquisizioni ostili della Garrett da parte della [[Curtiss-Wright]] a seguito dell amorte di Cliff Garrett nel 1963, Garrett Corporation si fuse con [[Signal Oil and Gas Company]] nel 1964.<ref>Leyes, p. 611-12</ref> In 1968, the combined company adopted [[Signal Companies|The Signal Companies]] as its corporate name.<ref>[http://www.honeywell.com/sites/de/en/ History.htm History of Honeywell]</ref> Nel 1985, Signal si fuse con [[Allied Corp.]], divenendo [[AlliedSignal|Allied-Signal]]. La società acquisì [[Honeywell Aerospace]] nel 1999. Anche se la AlliedSignal era più grande della Honeywell, fu deciso di adottare il nome Honeywell per la maggior notorietà del marchio al pubblico.<ref>[http://www51.honeywell.com/honeywell/about-us/our-history.html Honeywell - Our History]</ref>
Parte della originaria Garrett AiResearch diventa '''Garrett Turbine Engine Company''' dal 1979, e '''Garrett Engine Division of AlliedSignal''' nel 1985. Nel 1994, AlliedSignal acquisisce la [[Lycoming Engines|Lycoming Turbine Engine Division of Textron]], fondendola con Garrett Engine e diventando '''AlliedSignal Engines Division''' of AlliedSignal Aerospace Company.<ref name="Leyes">Leyes, p. 725</ref>
La Garrett Aviation Division ("Garrett Aviation"),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.garrettaviation.com/ |title=StandardAero |publisher=Garrettaviation.com |date=2009-10-19 |accessdate=2009-10-28}}</ref> fu venduta alla [[General Electric]] nel 1997 e rinominata [[Landmark Aviation]] dopo il 2004. Divenne StandardAero<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.standardaero.com/default.aspx |title=StandardAero |publisher=StandardAero |date=2009-10-19 |accessdate=2009-10-28}}</ref> dopo la fusione nel 2007 e acquisita dalla [[Dubai Aerospace Enterprise]],<ref>See "Dubai Aerospace Buys Standard Aero, Landmark for $1.9B," [http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/dubai-aerospace-buys-standard-aero-landmark-for-19b-03563/ ''Defense Industry Daily'', August 2, 2007].</ref> e successivamente venduta ad altro acquirente.
==Motori aeronautici==
;[[Turboprop]]/[[Turboshaft]]:
* [[Garrett TPE331]]
* [[Garrett TPF351]]
* [[AiResearch GTP70-6]]
* [[AiResearch GTP70-9]]
* [[AiResearch GTP70-13]]
;[[Turbofan]]s:
* [[CFE CFE738]]
* [[Garrett ATF3]]
* [[Garrett F109]]
* [[Honeywell F124|Garrett/ITEC F124/TFE1042]]
* [[Honeywell F124|Garrett/ITEC F125]]
* [[Honeywell TFE731|Garrett TFE731]]
==Velivoli==
*[[Garrett STAMP]]
==Note==
{{reflist|2}}
==Bibliografia==
* {{cite book |last= Gunston |first= Bill |title= World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines, 5th Edition |year= 2006 |publisher= Sutton Publishing Limited |location= Phoenix Mill, Gloucestershire, England, UK |isbn= 0-7509-4479-X |pages= }}
* {{cite book|last=Leyes II|first=Richard A.|author2=William A. Fleming|title=The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|location=Washington, DC|year=1999|page=725|chapter=10|isbn=1-56347-332-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0SnFt8JGokC&pg=PA708&lpg=PA708&dq=Garrett+TPF351&source=bl&ots=N3wW6DmRnK&sig=Nq-i8bAbkJokFy5eNnCCjihjB44&hl=en&ei=ZR2OScs0lbq3B8rF0Y0L&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result#PPA725,M1}}
==Voci correlate==
* [[Central Air Data Computer]]
* [[Foil bearing]]
* [[Honeywell]]
* [[Honeywell Aerospace]]
* [[Honeywell Turbo Technologies]]
* [[Landmark Aviation]]
* [[Normalair|Normalair Garrett Limited (NGL)]]
==Collegamenti esterni==
* [http://www.garrettaviation.com Garrett Aviation, now Landmark Aviation after a 2004 merger]
* [http://www.turbobygarrett.com Garrett Turbochargers]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Garrett Airesearch}}
{{Honeywell}}
{{Portale|aziende|ingegneria|aviazione}}
[[Categoria:Aziende statunitensi]]
| |||