Stepan Bandera: differenze tra le versioni
Contenuto cancellato Contenuto aggiunto
+Protetta |
traduzione da en.wiki |
||
Riga 45:
|Attività = politico
|Nazionalità = ucraino
|PostNazionalità = , figura di estrema destra e leader dell'[[Organizzazione dei Nazionalisti Ucraini|OUN-B]], fazione radicale militante dell'Organizzazione dei Nazionalisti Ucraini (OUN)<ref>{{cita|Rossoliński|p. 97|Rossolinski}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McBride |first=Jared |date=2016-07-21 |title=Ukrainian Holocaust Perpetrators Are Being Honored in Place of Their Victims |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/holocaust-perpetrators-honored |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=Tablet Magazine |quote=..Kyiv city government just voted to name a street after far right-wing nationalist leader, Stepan Bandera..}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kuzio |first1=Taras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbDPjfU-pZ8C&dq=OUN-B+radical&pg=PA166 |title=Dilemmas of State-led Nation Building in Ukraine |last2=D'Anieri |first2=Paul J. |date=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-97786-3 |pages=166 |language=en |quote=The OUN divided in 1940 into a radical wing under Bandera and a more conservative one under Melnyk ...}}</ref><ref name="marples2006">{{cite journal |last=Marples |first=David R. |date=2006 |title=Stepan Bandera: The Resurrection of a Ukrainian National Hero |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20451225 |journal=Europe-Asia Studies |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=555–566 |issn=0966-8136| doi=10.1080/09668130600652118|jstor=20451225 |s2cid=144243956 }}</ref><ref name="goda_hnn">{{Cite web |last=Goda |first=Norman J. W. |author-link4=Norman J. W. Goda |title=Who Was Stepan Bandera? |website=History News Network |url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/122778 |access-date=2022-09-24| date=2010-01-22}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Reid |first=Anna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqGFEAAAQBAJ |title=Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine |date=2022-09-29 |publisher=Orion |isbn=978-1-3996-0918-0 |language=en |quote=Stepan Bandera, leader of the Nazi-sponsored terrorist group OUN. |author-link=}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Winstone |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GGJDwAAQBAJ |title=The Dark Heart of Hitler's Europe: Nazi Rule in Poland Under the General Government |date=2014-10-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85772-519-6 |pages=104 |language=en |quote=.. who followed the terrorist Stepan Bandera (page 104) .. These hopes were almost immediately dashed and many leaders (including Bandera in Krakow) were arrested by the Germans. Nonetheless, both wings of the OUN largely continued to work with the Nazis (page 104) .. Stepan Bandera, the leader and ideological mentor of the nationalist murderers of Poles and Jews (page 249)}}</ref> e fondatore dell'[[Esercito Insurrezionale Ucraino]] (UPA)
}}
Attivo nelle organizzazioni nazionaliste sin da giovane, Bandera fu condannato a morte (pena commutata in ergastolo) per il suo coinvolgimento nell'assassinio (nel 1934) del ministro dell'interno polacco [[Bronisław Pieracki]].
Liberato nel 1939 a seguito della [[campagna di Polonia|caduta della Polonia]] si trasferì a [[Cracovia]]. Scrisse, nel 1941, l'[[Atto di restaurazione dello Stato ucraino]], impegnandosi a collaborare con la [[Germania nazista]] in seguito all'[[operazione Barbarossa|all'invasione dell'Unione Sovietica]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Piotrowski |first=Tadeusz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBbnrEMswbUC&q=Poland's+Holocaust |title=Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947 |date=2007-01-09 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-2913-4 |pages=221, 363 |language=en }}</ref><ref name="littman_2003">{{Cite book |last=Littman |first=Sol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhUtAQAAIAAJ&q=Pure+Soldiers+or+Sinister+Legion:+The+Ukranian+14th+Waffen-SS+Division |title=Pure Soldiers Or Sinister Legion: The Ukrainian 14th Waffen-SS Division |date=2003 |publisher=Black Rose Books |isbn=978-1-55164-219-2 |language=en}}</ref> Il proclama fu mal recepito dai tedeschi e Bandera, a causa del suo rifiuto di annullarlo, fu arrestato dalla [[Gestapo]]. Fu rilasciato nel 1944 in chiave antisovietica e, dopo la guerra, riparò con la famiglia nella Germania dell'Ovest dove, nel 1959, fu assassinato a [[Monaco di Baviera]] da un agente del [[KGB]].<ref>[[Christopher Andrew (historian)|Christopher Andrew]] and [[Vasili Mitrokhin]], ''The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB'', [[Basic Books]], 1999. {{ISBN|0-465-00312-5}}, p. 362.</ref><ref>Kondratyuk, Kostyantin. ''Новітня історія України 1914–1945'' [''New History of Ukraine'']. — Lviv: Видавничий центр ЛНУ імені Івана Франка, 2007. (in Ukrainian)</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=CIA |title=National Archives NextGen Catalog |url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/139313737 |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=catalog.archives.gov |pages=1, 251, 259}}</ref>
Bandera è una figura altamente controversa in Ucraina.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.euronews.com/2016/01/02/ukrainians-march-in-honour-of-controversial-nationalist-hero-stepan-bandera|title=Ukrainians march in honour of controversial nationalist hero Stepan Bandera|date=2 January 2016|work=euronews|access-date=27 November 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/04/27/dear-ukraine-please-dont-shoot-yourself-in-the-foot-nationalists-russia-bandera-rada/|title=Dear Ukraine: Please Don't Shoot Yourself in the Foot|last=Cohen|first=Josh|website=Foreign Policy|language=en|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref> Molti ucraini lo considerano un eroe<ref name="DW.COM">{{Cite news |last=Goncharenko |first=Roman |date=22 May 2022 |title=Stepan Bandera: Ukrainian hero or Nazi collaborator? |work=Deutsche Welle |url=https://www.dw.com/en/stepan-bandera-ukrainian-hero-or-nazi-collaborator/a-61842720 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia uses Israeli tweet against neo-Nazi march |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-691351 |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en-US}}</ref> o un martire per la lotta indipendentista della nazione,<ref name="goda_hnn" /> mentre altri ucraini, in particolare nel sud e nell'est del Paese lo condannano in quanto fascista<ref name="faiola_2014">{{cite news| author=Faiola, Anthony| date=March 25, 2014| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/a-ghost-of-world-war-ii-history-haunts-ukraines-standoff-with-russia/2014/03/25/18d4b1e0-a503-4f73-aaa7-5dd5d6a1c665_story.html| title=A ghost of World War II history haunts Ukraine's standoff with Russia| newspaper=The Washington Post| access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref> collaborazionista col nazismo<ref name="DW.COM" /> e responsabile, assieme ai suoi seguaci, del massacro di polacchi in Volinia e Galizia orientale oltre che [[olocausto in Ucraina|di ebrei]].<ref>Henryk Komański and Szczepan Siekierka, ''Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na Polakach w województwie tarnopolskim w latach 1939–1946'' (2006), p. 203 (in Polish)</ref><ref>{{cita|Rossoliński|p. 194|Rossolinski}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Holocaust in the Soviet Union|last=Arad|first=Yitzhak|date=2009|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=9780803222700|location=Lincoln, Nebraska|page=89|oclc=466441935}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Himka |first=John-Paul |date=2011 |title=The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd |url=https://www.academia.edu/1314919 |journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers |language=en |volume=LIII |issue=2–3–4 |via=academia.edu}}</ref>
Il 22 gennaio 2010, il presidente ucraino [[Viktor Yushchenko]], conferì a Bandera il titolo postumo di [[Eroe dell'Ucraina]], conferimento annullato successivamente a seguito delle forti proteste che aveva causato.
== Biografia ==
| |||