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{{Nota disambigua|altri significati di ''Halloween''| [[Halloween (disambigua)]]}}
{{infoFestività
|nomeFestività= Halloween
|tipologia= profana / religiosa (per il Neopaganesimo)
|immagine =[[File:Jack-o'-Lantern_2003-10-31.jpg|center|200px]]
|data= [[31 ottobre]]
|celebrata in= Molti stati del mondo
|religione= [[Neopaganesimo]]
|avvenimento celebrato= Inizio dell'inverno, Culto dei defunti, Inizio del nuovo anno (per il Neopaganesimo)
|tradizioni profane= sfilate in costume
|chiamata anche= Vigilia di Ognissanti, Samhain, Samhuinn, Samonios
}}
'''Halloween''' (o '''Hallowe'en''') è una [[festività]] annuale che ricorre il [[31 ottobre]] e che include attività come [[dolcetto o scherzetto]], partecipare a parate o sfilate in costume tipico, intagliare una tipica zucca di Halloween, o [[jack-o'-lantern]], allestire [[falò]], visitare attrazioni collegate a fantasmi e spiriti, fare [[scherzo|scherzi]], raccontare storie dell'orrore e vedere film horror.
==Storia==
Lo storico Nicholas Rogers, ricercando le origini di Halloween, nota che mentre "alcuni studiosi di folclore hanno rintracciato le sue origini nella festa romana dedicata a [[Pomona]], dea dei frutti e dei semi, o nella festa dei morti chiamata [[Parentalia]], la festa di Halloween è più tipicamente collegata alla festa [[Celti|celtica]] di [[Samhain]], originariamente scritto Samuin (pronounciato ''sow-an'' o ''sow-in'')".<ref name="rogers_s">Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Samhain and the Celtic Origins of Halloween". ''Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night'', pp. 11–21. New York: [[Oxford University Press|Oxford Univ. Press]]. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.</ref> Il nome della festività, mantenuto storicamente dai [[Gaeli]] e dai Celti nell'[[Arcipelago britannico|arcipelago britannico]], deriva dall'[[antico irlandese]] e significa approssimativamente "fine dell'estate".<ref name="rogers_s"/><ref>Salomonsen, Jone (2002). ''Enchanted Feminism: Ritual, Gender and Divinity Among the Reclaiming Witches of San Francisco'', p.190. New York: [[Routledge]]. ISBN 0-415-22392-X.</ref><ref>Ellwood, Robert S; McGraw, Barabara A. (1999). ''Many Peoples, Many Faiths: Women and Men in The World Religions'', p. 31. [[Prentice Hall]]. ISBN 0-13-010735-2</ref>
Secondo l'Oxford Dictionary of English folklore: "Certamente Samhain era un tempo per raduni festivi e nei testi medievali irlandesi e quelli più tardi del folclore irlandese, gallese e scozzese gli incontri soprannaturali avvengono in questo giorno, anche se non c'è evidenza che fosse connesso con la porte in epoca precristiana, o che si tenessero cerimonie religiose pagane."<ref name="Hutton">HUTTON, RONALD, The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996)</ref>
I miti irlandesi che menzionano Samhain furono trascritti dai monaci cristiani tra il X e l'XI secolo, cioè circa 200 anni dopo che la chiesa cattolica aveva inaugurato il giorno di Ognissanti ed almeno 400 anni dopo che l'Irlanda era stata cristianizzata.<ref name="Hutton"></ref>
[[File:Maclise.snap.apple.night.jpg|thumb|250px|''Snap-Apple Night'' (1832) di [[Daniel Maclise]].<br />Pesca della mela e giochi [[divinazione|divinatori]] alla festa di Halloween presso [[Blarney]], Irlanda.]]
===Origine del nome===
La parola ''Halloween'' è attestata la prima volta nel XVI secolo e rappresenta una variante scozzese del nome completo ''All-Hallows-Even'', cioè la notte prima di [[Ognissanti]] (in inglese arcaico All Hallows Day, moderno All Saints).<ref name="oed"/> Sebbene il sintagma ''All Hallows'' si ritrovi in [[inglese antico]] (''ealra hālgena mæssedæg'', giorno di messa di tutti i santi), ''All-Hallows-Even'' non è attestato fino al 1556.<ref name="oed">{{cite book |title=The Oxford English Dictionary |edition=2nd |year=1989 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-861186-2}}</ref>
==Simboli==
[[File:Kobe Mosaic17s3072.jpg|upright|thumb|right|Jack-o'-lantern a [[Kobe]], [[Giappone]]]]
Lo sviluppo di [[artefatto|artefatti]] e [[simbolo|simboli]] associati ad Halloween si è andato formando col passare del tempo. Ad esempio l'intaglio di jack-o'-lantern (tipiche zucche nelle quali si intagliano volti spaventosi) risale alla tradizione di intagliare delle [[rapa|rape]] e farne delle lanterne per ricordare le [[anima|anime]] bloccate nel [[purgatorio]].<ref name="rogers_f">Rogers, Nicholas (2002). ''Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night'', pp. 29, 57. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.</ref> La rapa è stata usata tradizionalmente ad Halloween in Irlanda e Scozia,<ref name=lant>[http://books.google.com/books?id=AN7WAAAAMAAJ&q=candlelit+lanterns+were+carved+from+large+turnips&dq=candlelit+lanterns+were+carved+from+large+turnips&hl=en&ei=5GZeTYmnN8awhQeivrXdDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAA The Oxford companion to American food and drink] p.269. Oxford University Press, 2007. Retrieved February 17, 2011</ref> ma gli immigrati in Nord America usavano la [[zucca]] originaria del posto, che era disponibile in quantità molto elevate ed era molto più grande – facilitando il lavoro di intaglio.<ref name=lant/> La tradizione americana di intagliare zucche risale al 1837<ref>Nathaniel Hawthorne, "The Great Carbuncle," in "Twice-Told Tales", 1837: Hide it [the great carbuncle] under thy cloak, say'st thou? Why, it will gleam through the holes, and make thee look like a jack-o'-lantern!</ref> ed era originariamente associata con il tempo del raccolto in generale, venendo associata specificatamente ad Halloween verso la seconda metà del Novecento.<ref>As late as 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o'-lantern as part of the festivities. "[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9800EEDC1139E033A25757C2A9679D94649ED7CF The Day We Celebrate: Thanksgiving Treated Gastronomically and Socially]," ''The New York Times'', November 24, 1895, p. 27. "[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9802E7D6173FE433A25752C2A9669D946197D6CF Odd Ornaments for Table]," ''The New York Times'', October 21, 1900, p. 12.</ref>
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The [[image]]ry of Halloween is derived from many sources, including national customs, works of [[Gothic fiction|Gothic]] and [[horror fiction|horror]] literature (such as the novels ''[[Frankenstein]]'' and ''[[Dracula]]''), and classic horror films (such as ''[[Frankenstein (1931 film)|Frankenstein]]'' and ''[[The Mummy (1932 film)|The Mummy]]'').<ref name="rogers_h">Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Halloween Goes to Hollywood". ''Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night'', pp. 103–124. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.</ref> Among the earliest works on the subject of Halloween is from Scottish poet [[John Mayne]] in 1780, who made note of pranks at Halloween; ''"What fearfu' pranks ensue!"'', as well as the supernatural associated with the night, ''"Bogies"'' (ghosts), influencing [[Robert Burns]]' ''[[Halloween (poem)|Halloween]]'' 1785.<ref>Thomas Crawford [http://books.google.com/books?id=BDCsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA125&dq=scottish+halloween+traditions+-+burns+poem&hl=en&ei=_qv2TKz9EIyIhQee78ShAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q&f=false Burns: a study of the poems and songs] Stanford University Press, 1960</ref> Elements of the autumn season, such as pumpkins, corn [[husk]]s, and [[scarecrow]]s, are also prevalent. Homes are often decorated with these types of symbols around Halloween.
Halloween imagery includes themes of [[death]], [[evil]], the [[occult]], or mythical [[monster]]s.<ref>Simpson, Jacqueline ''All Saints' Day'' in Encyclopedia of Death and Dying, Howarth, G and Leeman, O (2001)London Routledge ISBN 0-415-18825-3, p.14 ''Halloween is closely associated in folklore with death and the supernatural''.</ref> Black and orange are the holiday's traditional colors.
==Trick-or-treating and guising==
{{Main| Trick-or-treating}}
[[File:Trick or treat in sweden.jpeg|thumb|upright|Trick-or-treating in [[Sweden]]]]
Trick-or-treating is a customary celebration for children on Halloween. Children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, "Trick or treat?" The word "trick" refers to a (mostly idle) "threat" to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given. In some parts of Scotland children still go [[guising]]. In this custom the child performs some sort of trick, i.e. sings a song or tells a ghost story, to earn their treats.
The practice of dressing up in costumes and begging door to door for treats on holidays dates back to the [[Middle Ages]] and includes [[Christmas]] [[wassailing]]. Trick-or-treating resembles the late medieval practice of [[souling]], when poor folk would go door to door on [[All Saints|Hallowmas]] (November 1), receiving food in return for prayers for the dead on [[All Souls' Day]] (November 2). It originated in Ireland and Britain,<ref name=AFP>{{cite book
| first = Nicholas
| last = Rogers
| title = Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Nightkl
| location =
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| year = 2001
| pages = 28–30
| isbn = 0-19-514691-3
}}</ref> although similar practices for the souls of the dead were found as far south as Italy.<ref>"Ask Anne", ''Washington Post'', Nov. 21, 1948, p. S11.</ref> [[Shakespeare]] mentions the practice in his comedy ''[[The Two Gentlemen of Verona]]'' (1593), when Speed accuses his master of "puling [whimpering or whining] like a beggar at Hallowmas."<ref>Act 2, Scene 1.</ref>
In Scotland and Ireland, Guising — children disguised in costume going from door to door for food or coins — is a traditional Halloween custom, and is recorded in Scotland at Halloween in 1895 where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped out turnips, visit homes to be rewarded with cakes, fruit and money.<ref name=frle>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=x7_QAAAAMAAJ&dq=Frank%20Leslie's%20popular%20monthly%201895%20Halloween&pg=PA540#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Frank Leslie's popular monthly, Volume 40, November 1895, p. 540-543 |publisher=Books.google.com |date=2009-02-05 |accessdate=2011-10-23}}</ref> The practice of Guising at Halloween in North America is first recorded in 1911, where a newspaper in [[Kingston, Ontario]] reported children going "guising" around the neighborhood.<ref>Rogers, Nicholas. (2002) "Coming Over:Halloween in North America". ''Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night''. p.76. Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-514691-3</ref>
American historian and author [[Ruth Edna Kelley]] of Massachusetts wrote the first book length history of the holiday in the U.S; ''The Book of Hallowe'en'' (1919), and references souling in the chapter "Hallowe'en in America";
<blockquote>The taste in Hallowe'en festivities now is to study old traditions, and hold a Scotch party, using [[Robert Burns|Burn's]] poem ''Hallowe'en'' as a guide; or to go a-souling as the English used. In short, no custom that was once honored at Hallowe'en is out of fashion now.<ref>[[Ruth Edna Kelley]], ''The Book of Hallowe'en'', Boston: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Co., 1919, chapter 15, p.127. "[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pDraHi4-PpgC&pg=PA127&dq=Ruth+Edna+Kelley+The+Book+of+Hallowe%27en+a-souling#v=onepage&q=&f=false Hallowe'en in America]."</ref></blockquote>
[[File:Scary Halloween Costumes 2011.JPG|thumb|Halloween in [[Yonkers]], New York, US]]
In her book, Kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the Atlantic; "Americans have fostered them, and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its best days overseas. All Hallowe'en customs in the United States are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries".<ref>{{cite web |last=Kelley |first=Ruth Edna |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/boh/boh17.htm |title=Hallowe'en in America}}</ref>
While the first reference to "guising" in North America occurs in 1911, another reference to ritual begging on Halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a third reference in Chicago in 1920.<ref>Theo. E. Wright, "A Halloween Story," ''St. Nicholas'', October 1915, p. 1144. Mae McGuire Telford, "What Shall We Do Halloween?" ''[[Ladies Home Journal]]'', October 1920, p. 135.</ref>
The earliest known use in print of the term "trick or treat" appears in 1927, from [[Blackie, Alberta]], Canada:<blockquote>Hallowe’en provided an opportunity for real strenuous fun. No real damage was done except to the temper of some who had to hunt for wagon wheels, gates, wagons, barrels, etc., much of which decorated the front street. The youthful tormentors were at back door and front demanding edible plunder by the word “trick or treat” to which the inmates gladly responded and sent the robbers away rejoicing.<ref>"'Trick or Treat' Is Demand," ''Herald'' ([[Lethbridge]], [[Alberta]]), November 4, 1927, p. 5, dateline [[Blackie, Alberta]], Nov. 3.</ref></blockquote>
The thousands of Halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children but do not depict trick-or-treating.<ref>For examples, see the websites [http://www.emotionscards.com/museum/hallow1.html Postcard & Greeting Card Museum: Halloween Gallery], [http://www.shaktiweb.com/postcards/ Antique Hallowe'en Postcards], [http://antiques.about.com/od/collectingbookspaper/ig/Halloween-Postcard-Gallery/index.htm Vintage Halloween Postcards], and [http://www.morticiasmorgue.com/hw/hw3.html Morticia's Morgue Antique Halloween Postcards].</ref> The editor of a collection of over 3,000 vintage Halloween postcards writes, "There are cards which mention the custom [of trick-or-treating] or show children in costumes at the doors, but as far as we can tell they were printed later than the 1920s and more than likely even the 1930s. Tricksters of various sorts are shown on the early postcards, but not the means of appeasing them".<ref>E-mail from Louise and Gary Carpentier, 29 May 2007, editors of ''[http://www.halloweenpostcard.com/ Halloween Postcards Catalog]'' (CD-ROM), G & L Postcards.</ref> Trick-or-treating does not seem to have become a widespread practice until the 1930s, with the first U.S. appearances of the term in 1934,<ref>"Halloween Pranks Keep Police on Hop," ''[[Oregon Journal]]'' ([[Portland, Oregon]]), November 1, 1934:<blockquote>Other young goblins and ghosts, employing modern shakedown methods, successfully worked the "trick or treat" system in all parts of the city.</blockquote> "The Gangsters of Tomorrow", ''The Helena Independent'' ([[Helena, Montana]]), November 2, 1934, p. 4:<blockquote>[[Pretty Boy Floyd|Pretty Boy]] [[John Doe]] rang the door bells and his gang waited his signal. It was his plan to proceed cautiously at first and give a citizen every opportunity to comply with his demands before pulling any rough stuff. "Madam, we are here for the usual purpose, 'trick or treat.'" This is the old demand of the little people who go out to have some innocent fun. Many women have some apples, cookies or doughnuts for them, but they call rather early and the "treat" is given out gladly.</blockquote> The ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' also mentioned door-to-door begging in [[Aurora, Illinois]] on Halloween in 1934, although not by the term "trick-or-treating." "Front Views and Profiles" (column), ''Chicago Tribune'', Nov. 3, 1934, p. 17.</ref> and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939.<ref>Doris Hudson Moss, "A Victim of the Window-Soaping Brigade?" ''The American Home'', November 1939, p. 48. Moss was a [[California]]-based writer.</ref>
===Costumes===
{{Main| Halloween costume}}
[[File:Trick-or-treaters in Dublin.jpg|thumb|People dressing in Halloween Costumes in [[Dublin]].]]
Halloween costumes are traditionally modeled after supernatural figures such as monsters, ghosts, skeletons, witches, and devils. Over time, the costume selection extended to include popular characters from fiction, celebrities, and generic archetypes such as ninjas and princesses.
Dressing up in costumes and going "[[guising]]" was prevalent in Scotland at Halloween by the late 19th century.<ref name=frle/> Costuming became popular for Halloween parties in the US in the early 20th century, as often for adults as for children. The first mass-produced Halloween costumes appeared in stores in the 1930s when [[trick-or-treating]] was becoming popular in the United States.
Halloween [[costume party|costume parties]] generally fall on, or around, 31 October, often falling on the Friday or Saturday prior to Halloween.
===UNICEF===
{{Main|Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF}}
"Trick-or-Treat for [[United Nations Children's Fund|UNICEF]]" has become a common sight during Halloween in North America. Started as a local event in a Northeast [[Philadelphia]] neighborhood in 1950 and expanded nationally in 1952, the program involves the distribution of small boxes by schools (or in modern times, corporate sponsors like [[Hallmark Cards|Hallmark]], at their licensed stores) to trick-or-treaters, in which they can solicit small-change donations from the houses they visit. It is estimated that children have collected more than $118 million for UNICEF since its inception. In Canada, in 2006, UNICEF decided to discontinue their Halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program.<ref name="ctv">{{cite news |first=Genevieve |last=Beauchemin |coauthors=CTV.ca News Staff |title=UNICEF to end Halloween 'orange box' program |url= http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060530/unicef_orange_060530?s_name=&no_ads= |publisher=CTV |date=2006-05-31 |accessdate=2006-10-29}}</ref><ref name="ca_un">{{cite web |title=History of the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF Campaign |url =http://www.trickortreatforunicef.ca/tot_history.html |publisher=UNICEF Canada |year=2008 |accessdate=2009-10-25}}</ref>
==Games and other activities==
[[File:Halloween-card-mirror-2.jpg|upright|thumb|In this Halloween greeting card from 1904, [[divination]] is depicted: the young woman looking into a mirror in a darkened room hopes to catch a glimpse of the face of her future husband.]]
There are several games traditionally associated with Halloween parties. One common game is dunking or apple bobbing, in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. A variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drop the fork into an apple. Another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup-coated scones by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a very sticky face.
Some games traditionally played at Halloween are forms of divination. A traditional Scottish form of divining one's future spouse is to carve an apple in one long strip, then toss the peel over one's shoulder. The peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse's name.<ref name="McNeill">McNeill, F. Marian (1961, 1990) ''The Silver Bough'', Vol. 3. William MacLellan, Glasgow ISBN 0-948474-04-1 pp.11–46</ref> Unmarried women were told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on Halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror. However, if they were destined to die before marriage, a [[symbols of death|skull]] would appear. The custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on greeting cards<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vintageholidaycrafts.com/vintage-halloween-women/ |title=Vintage Halloween Cards |publisher=Vintage Holiday Crafts |accessdate=2009-10-28}}</ref> from the late 19th century and early 20th century.
Another game/superstition that was enjoyed in the early 1900s involved walnut shells. People would write fortunes in milk on white paper. After drying, the paper was folded and placed in walnut shells. When the shell was warmed, milk would turn brown therefore the writing would appear on what looked like blank paper. Folks would also play fortune teller. In order to play this game, symbols were cut out of paper and placed on a platter. Someone would enter a dark room and was ordered to put her hand on a piece of ice then lay it on a platter. Her "fortune" would stick to the hand. Paper symbols included: dollar sign-wealth, button-bachelorhood, thimble-spinsterhood, clothespin- poverty, rice-wedding, umbrella- journey, caldron-trouble, 4-leaf clover- good luck, penny-fortune, ring-early marriage, and key-fame.<ref>Green Bay Press Gazette, October 27, 1916</ref>
The telling of ghost stories and viewing of horror films are common fixtures of Halloween parties. Episodes of television series and Halloween-themed specials (with the specials usually aimed at children) are commonly aired on or before the holiday, while new horror films are often released theatrically before the holiday to take advantage of the atmosphere.
==Haunted attractions==
{{Main|Haunted attraction}}
[[File:Ura and ima.jpg|thumb|Humorous [[tombstone]]s in front of a house in [[northern California]].]]
Haunted attractions are entertainment venues designed to thrill and scare patrons. Most attractions are seasonal Halloween businesses. Origins of these paid scare venues are difficult to pinpoint, but it is generally accepted that they were first commonly used by the [[Junior Chamber International]] (Jaycees) for fundraising.<ref name="msnbc">{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9855272/|title=Haunted house business getting frightfully hard|last=Associated Press|date=2005-10-30|work=MSNBC.com|publisher=MSNBC|accessdate=2008-11-18}}</ref> They include haunted houses, [[corn maze]]s, and [[hayride]]s,<ref name="hvmag">{{cite web |url=http://www.hvmag.com/Hudson-Valley-Magazine/October-2008/A-Model-of-Mayhem/ |title=A Model of Mayhem |accessdate=2008-10-06 |author=Greg Ryan |date=2008-09-17 |work=Hudson Valley Magazine}}</ref> and the level of sophistication of the effects has risen as the industry has grown. Haunted attractions in the United States bring in an estimate $300–500 million each year, and draw some 400,000 customers, although press sources writing in 2005 speculated that the industry had reached its peak at that time.<ref name="msnbc"/> This maturing and growth within the industry has led to more technically-advanced special effects and costuming, comparable with that of Hollywood films.<ref name="usatoday-haunt">{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/lifestyle/2006-10-11-haunted-house-main_x.htm |title=Haunted houses get really scary|last=Wilson|first=Craig|date=2006-10-12 |work=USAToday.com}}</ref>
==Foods==
[[File:Candyapple.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Candy apple]]]]
Because the holiday comes in the wake of the annual apple harvest, [[candy apple]]s (known as toffee apples outside North America), [[Caramel apple|caramel or taffy apples]] are common Halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling them in nuts.
At one time, candy apples were commonly given to children, but the practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and [[Poisoned candy scare|razor blades in the apples]].<ref name="rogers_r">Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Razor in the Apple: Struggle for Safe and Sane Halloween, ''c''. 1920–1990," ''Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night'', pp. 78–102. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.</ref> While there is evidence of such incidents,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/mayhem/needles.asp |title=Urban Legends Reference Pages: Pins and Needles in Halloween Candy |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-31}}</ref> they are quite rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of the mass media. At the peak of the hysteria, some hospitals offered free X-rays of children's Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poisoned their own children's candy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/health/poisoned-halloween-candy-myth-101027.html |title=Poisoned Halloween Candy: Trick, Treat or Myth? - LiveScience|last=Nixon|first=Robin|date=October 27, 2010 |publisher=LiveScience.com |accessdate=23 January 2011}}</ref>
One custom that persists in modern-day Ireland is the baking (or more often nowadays, the purchase) of a [[barmbrack]] ({{lang-gle|báirín breac}}), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin and other charms are placed before baking. It is said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. This is similar to the tradition of [[king cake]] at the festival of [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]].
List of foods associated with the holiday:
* [[Barmbrack]] ([[Ireland]])
* [[Bonfire toffee]] ([[Great Britain]])
* [[Candy apple]]s/[[toffee apple]]s ([[United Kingdom]] & Ireland)
* [[Candy corn]], [[candy pumpkins]] (North America)
* [[Caramel apple]]s
* [[Caramel corn]]
* [[Colcannon]] (Ireland)
* Novelty candy shaped like skulls, [[Candy pumpkin|pumpkins]], bats, worms, etc.
* Pumpkin, pumpkin pie, pumpkin bread
* Roasted [[Pepita|pumpkin seeds]]
* Roasted [[sweet corn]]
* [[Soul cake]]s
==Around the world==
{{Main|Halloween around the world}}
Halloween is not celebrated in all countries and regions of the world, and among those that do the traditions and importance of the celebration vary significantly. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going "guising", holding parties, while other practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays.<ref>[http://www.u.tv/News/Halloween-fire-calls-every-90-seconds/15324334-54c7-4167-b118-40fd763bf701 Halloween fire calls 'every 90 seconds'] ''UTV News'' Retrieved 22 November 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/community-telegraph/north-down/news/halloween-firework-injuries-are-on-the-increase-hospital-14989337.html|title=Halloween firework injuries are on the increase|last=McCann|first=Chris|date=28 October 2010|publisher=Belfast Telegraph|accessdate=22 November 2010}}</ref> Mass transatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebration in the United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how the event is observed in other nations. This larger North American influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as [[South America]], [[Australia]],<ref>{{cite article|name=Calls for Halloween holiday in Australia|author=Paul Kent|date=October 27, 2010|work=[[The Herald Sun]]|accessdate=October 27, 2010}}</ref> [[New Zealand]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10684066|title=Safe treats for kids on year's scariest night|last=Denton|first=Hannah|date=30 October 2010|publisher=[[New Zealand Herald]]|accessdate=22 November 2010}}</ref> continental Europe, Japan, and other parts of East Asia.<ref name="rogers_m">Rogers, Nicholas (2002). ''Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night'', p.164. New York: [[Oxford University Press]]. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.</ref>
==Religious perspectives==
{{See also|All Saints|Samhain}}
===Christianity===
[[Christianity|Christian]] attitudes towards Halloween are diverse. In the [[Anglican Communion|Anglican Church]], some [[diocese]]s have chosen to emphasize the Christian traditions of All Saints’ Day,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cofe.anglican.org/news/pr9106.html |title=Bishop Challenges Supermarkets to Lighten up Halloween |publisher=The Church of England |accessdate=2009-10-28}}</ref><ref name = "newadvent.org">{{cite web | url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01315a.htm | title = Halloween and All Saints Day | accessdate = 2006-10-22 | date = n.d. | publisher = newadvent.org}}</ref> while some other Protestants celebrate the holiday as [[Reformation Day]], a day to remember the [[Protestant Reformation]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Reformation Day | url = http://www.monergism.com/directory/link_category/MP3-Audio--Multimedia/Holiday-Sermons/Reformation-Sunday/ | accessdate = 2009-10-22}}</ref><ref name = "RefDay">{{cite web | url = http://www.gbod.org/worship/default.asp?act=reader&item_id=15084&loc_id=9,612,32,52 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070223075856/http://www.gbod.org/worship/default.asp?act=reader&item_id=15084&loc_id=9,612,32,52 | archivedate = 2007-02-23 | title = Reformation Day: What, Why, and Resources for Worship | accessdate = 2006-10-22 |date=2005-10-21 | publisher = The General Board of Discipleship of The United Methodist Church}}</ref> Father [[Gabriele Amorth]], a [[Roman Curia|Vatican]]-appointed [[exorcist]] in Rome, has said, "if English and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that is not a problem. If it is just a game, there is no harm in that."<ref name="Brandreth">Gyles Brandreth, "[http://web.archive.org/web/20071011093730/http://telegraph.co.uk/health/main.jhtml?xml=/health/2000/11/03/tldevl03.xml&page=1 The Devil is gaining ground]" ''Sunday Telegraph'' (London), March 11, 2000.</ref> In more recent years, the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston]] has organized a "Saint Fest" on the holiday.<ref name="www.rcab.org" /> Similarly, many contemporary Protestant churches view Halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in their churches where children and their parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free.
Many Christians ascribe no negative significance to Halloween, treating it as a purely secular holiday devoted to celebrating "imaginary spooks" and handing out candy. To these Christians, Halloween holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children: being taught about death and mortality, and the ways of the Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of their parishioners' heritage.<ref name="CelticChristians">{{cite web | url = http://allsaintsbrookline.org/celtic/samhain.html | title = Feast of Samhain/Celtic New Year/Celebration of All Celtic Saints November 1 | accessdate = 2006-11-22 | date = n.d. | publisher = All Saints Parish}}</ref> In the [[Roman Catholic Church]], Halloween is viewed as having a Christian connection,<ref>[http://www.americancatholic.org/features/halloween/ Halloween’s Christian Roots] AmericanCatholic.org. Retrieved on October 24, 2007.</ref> and Halloween celebrations are common in Catholic parochial schools throughout North America and in Ireland.
Some Christians feel concerned about Halloween, and reject the holiday because they feel it trivializes – or celebrates – [[paganism]], the [[occult]], or other practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with their beliefs.<ref name="russo">''Halloween: What's a Christian to Do?'' (1998) by Steve Russo.</ref> A response among some [[fundamentalist Christianity|fundamentalist]] and conservative [[evangelical Christianity|evangelical]] churches in recent years has been the use of "[[Hell house]]s", themed pamphlets, or comic-style [[Chick tract|tracts]] such as those created by [[Jack T. Chick]] in order to make use of Halloween's popularity as an opportunity for evangelism.<ref name="www.rcab.org">{{cite web | url = http://www.rcab.org/Pilot/2004/ps041105/saintfest.html | title = Salem 'Saint Fest' restores Christian message to Halloween | accessdate = 2006-10-22 | date = n.d. | publisher = www.rcab.org |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060929155738/http://www.rcab.org/Pilot/2004/ps041105/saintfest.html|archivedate = 2006-09-29}}</ref> Some consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Christian faith<ref name="www.thercg.org">{{cite web | url = http://www.thercg.org/articles/totuh.html | title = "Trick?" or "Treat?"—Unmasking Halloween| accessdate = 2007-09-21 | date = n.d. | publisher = The Restored Church of God}}</ref> believing it to have originated as a pagan "[[Festival of the Dead]]".
===Paganism===
[[Celtic Neopaganism|Celtic NeoPagans]] consider the season a holy time of year.<ref name=LimerickLeader>{{cite web | url = http://www.limerickleader.ie/features/A-to-Z-of-Halloween.5779425.jp | title = A to Z of Halloween | accessdate = 2009-10-29 | date = 2009-10-29 | publisher = The Limerick Leader}}</ref> [[Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism|Celtic Reconstructionists]], and others who maintain ancestral customs, make offerings to the gods and the ancestors.<ref name=LimerickLeader />
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==Note==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Bibliografia==
* Diane C. Arkins, ''Halloween: Romantic Art and Customs of Yesteryear'', Pelican Publishing Company, 2000. ISBN 1-56554-712-8
* Diane C. Arkins, ''Halloween Merrymaking: An Illustrated Celebration Of Fun, Food, And Frolics From Halloweens Past'', Pelican Publishing Company, 2004. ISBN 1-58980-113-X
* Lesley Bannatyne, ''Halloween: An American Holiday, An American History'', Facts on File (1990, Pelican Publishing Company, 1998. ISBN 1-56554-346-7
* Lesley Bannatyne, ''A Halloween Reader. Stories, Poems and Plays from Halloweens Past'', Pelican Publishing Company, 2004. ISBN 1-58980-176-8
* Phyllis Galembo, ''Dressed for Thrills: 100 Years of Halloween Costumes and Masquerade'', Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 2002. ISBN 0-81093-291-1
* Editha Hörandner (ed.), ''Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo'', ''Volkskunde (Münster in Westfalen)'', LIT Verlag Münster, 2005. ISBN 3-8258-8889-4
* Lisa Morton, ''The Halloween Encyclopedia'', McFarland & Company, 2003. ISBN 0-78641-524-X
* Nicholas Rogers, ''Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night'', Oxford University Press, USA, 2002. ISBN 0-19514-691-3
* Jack Santino (ed.), ''Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life'', University of Tennessee Press, 1994. ISBN 0-87049-813-4
==Voci correlate==
{{Portale|Festività}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Commemorazione dei defunti]]
* [[Ullambana]]
{{div col end}}
==Link esterni==
{{interprogetto|v=no|q=no|b=no}}
* {{dmoz|/Society/Holidays/Halloween/|Halloween}}
* [http://www.imbas.org/articles/samhain.html Samhain: Tempo di morte e rinnovo] – Studi celtici, cultura e religione gaelica
* [http://www.history.com/topics/halloween "La storia di Halloween"] di [[History Channel]]
[[Categoria:Halloween]]
[[Categoria:Festività cristiane]]
[[Categoria:Cultura irlandese]]
[[Categoria:Festività neopagane]]
[[Categoria:Cultura scozzese]]
[[Categoria:Folklore scozzese]]
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[[ka:ჰელოუინი]]
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[[tl:Gabi ng Pangangaluluwa]]
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[[tt:Хэллоуин]]
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