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William Alonso (1933 – February 11, 1999) was an Argentinian-born American planner and economist.

He was born in Buenos Aires and began his career with a bachelor's degree in architectural science from Harvard University in 1954. He also received a master's degree in city planning from Harvard University's Graduate School of Public Administration in 1956. In 1960 he received a doctorate in regional science from the University of Pennsylvania.

From 1960 to 1961 Alonso worked as director and professor in the Department of Regional and Urban Planning at the Bandung Institute of Technology in Indonesia. He then served as a visiting professor at the Universidad Central de Venezuela in 1962 before coming to Harvard as the acting director of the Center of Urban Studies from 1963 to 1965. Alonso also worked at Yale University, the University of California at Berkeley, and Stanford University.

In 1976 Alonso became Director of the Center for Population Studies of Harvard University. Two years later he became the Richard Saltonstall professor of population policy in the Faculty of Public Health and a member of the Department of Sociology in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.

His research was focused on demographic changes, in particular in very strongly urbanized areas. He thus developed a mathematical model, connecting migration and the evolution of the distribution of the population.

In 1964, he published Location and land use, in which he defined a modelled approach on the formation of land rent in urban environments. His model would become one of the pillars of urban economics as from the seventies.