Utente:Ignisdelavega/sandbox
IP modifica
goji modifica
Coltivazione modifica
Cina modifica
La maggioranza delle bacche commercializzate proviene dalle regioni cinesi di Ningsia al confine con la Mongolia e dello Sinkiang nell'ovest della Cina. In queste aree le piantaggioni coprono circa 200.000 acri[1]
The majority of commercially produced wolfberries come from the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of north-central China and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of western China, where they are grown on plantations totaling 200,000 acres.[1] In Zhongning County, Ningxia, wolfberry plantations typically range between 40 and 400 hectares (100–1000 acres or 500–6000 mu) in area. As of 2005, over 10 million mu have been planted with wolfberries in Ningxia.[2]
Cultivated along the fertile aggradational floodplains of the Yellow River for more than 600 years, Ningxia wolfberries have earned a reputation throughout Asia for premium quality sometimes described commercially as "red diamonds".[3] Government releases of annual wolfberry production, premium fruit grades, and export are based on yields from Ningxia, the region recognized with
- The largest annual harvest in China, accounting for 39% (13 million kg, 2001) of the nation's total yield of wolfberries, estimated at approximately 33 million kg (72 million lb) in 2001
- Formation of an industrial association of growers, processors, marketers, and scholars of wolfberry cultivation to promote the berry's commercial and export potential
- The nation's only source of therapeutic grade ("superior-grade") wolfberries used by practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine[4]
In addition, commercial volumes of wolfberries grow in the Chinese regions of Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Hebei. When ripe, the oblong, red berries[1] are tender and must be picked carefully or shaken from the vine into trays to avoid spoiling. The fruits are preserved by drying them in full sun on open trays or by mechanical dehydration employing a progressively increasing series of heat exposure over 48 hours.
Wolfberries are celebrated each August in Ningxia with an annual festival coinciding with the berry harvest.[2] Originally held in Ningxia's capital, Yinchuan, the festival has been based since 2000 in Zhongning County, an important center of wolfberry cultivation for the region.[2] As Ningxia's borders merge with three deserts, wolfberries are also planted to control erosion and reclaim irrigable soils from desertification.[5]
China, the main supplier of wolfberry products in the world, had total exports generating US$120 million in 2004. This production derived from 82,000 ha farmed nationwide, yielding 95,000 tons of wolfberries,[3] which has increased from larger acreages cultivated in recent years.[1]
Pesticide and fungicide use modifica
Organochlorine pesticides are conventionally used in commercial wolfberry cultivation to mitigate destruction of the delicate berries by insects. Since the early 21st century, high levels of insecticide residues (including fenvalerate, cypermethrin, and acetamiprid) and fungicide residues (such as triadimenol and isoprothiolane), have been detected by the United States Food and Drug Administration in some imported wolfberries and wolfberry products of Chinese origin, leading to the seizure of these products.[6]
China's Green Food Standard, administered by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture's China Green Food Development Center, does permit some pesticide and herbicide use.[7][8][9]
United Kingdom modifica
On June 18, 2007, the UK Food Standards Agency stated a significant history exists of the fruit being consumed in Europe before 1997, and has removed it from the Novel Foods list.[10] It is now legal to sell the wolfberry in the UK as a food as reported by the Food Standards Agency,[11] though with concerns over marketing claims over potential health benefits.
Importation of mature plants modifica
Importation of wolfberry plants into the United Kingdom from most countries outside Europe is illegal, due to the possibility they could be vectors of diseases attacking Solanaceae crops, such as potato or tomato.[12]
Canada and United States modifica
During the first decade of the 21st century, farmers in Canada and the United States began cultivating goji on a commercial scale to meet potential markets for fresh berries, juice, and processed products.[13][14]
diffamazione modifica
da modifica
I compiti dei volontari modifica
Chi svolge il ruolo di volontario OTRS si assume il compito di rispondere a una serie di questioni legate alla vita e alle voci di Wikipedia, tra gli strumenti che essi usano vi sono quelli tipici di un sysop:
- possibilità di visualizzare il contenuto di pagine cancellate
- possibilità di ripristinare il contenuto di pagine cancellate
- possibilità di bloccare per minaccia legale una voce
- possibilità di blocco/sblocco di utenti, protezione/sprotezione voci
Appunti modifica
http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/124623 http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/205382?
- ^ a b c d Errore nelle note: Errore nell'uso del marcatore
<ref>: non è stato indicato alcun testo per il marcatoreMSU - ^ a b c [1] Xinhua News Agency, Opening ceremonies of Ningxia wolfberry festival, August 3, 2005.
- ^ a b [2] Staff reporter, Wolfberry festival to be held in Ningxia, China Daily, July 19, 2004.
- ^ [3] Staff reporter, China's first provincial-level wolfberry association established, People's Daily Onlne, August 19, 2001.
- ^ [4] Yunyun L. Dry no more. BeijingReview.com.cn, October 11, 2008.
- ^ IA #99-08, Revision to Import Alert #99-08, "Detention Without Physical Examination of Processed Products for Pesticides"
- ^ Pathbreaking Newsletter Promotes Development of Organic Sector in China Lila Buckley. Worldwatch Institute. 28 February 2006.
- ^ GAIN Report #CH1072. Dueling Standards for Organic Foods 2001 Ralph Bean and Xiang Qing. USDA Global Agriculture Information Network Foreign Agricultural Service. 12 Dec 2001.
- ^ The Movement Toward Organic Herb Cultivation in China Subhuti Dharmananda. Institute for Traditional Medicine. January 2004.
- ^ The Novel Foods and Novel Food Ingredients Regulations 1997
- ^ Food Standards Agency, June 2007, Responses on goji berries reviewed
- ^ Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, April, 2008. Prohibited Import of Goji Plants. April 30, 2008
- ^ Fairground family first to gamble on gojis, in Woodstock Sentinel Review, Sun Media, July 30, 2008. URL consultato il 14 April 2013.
- ^ Goji taunts North American farmers, in Los Angeles Times - Food, LA Times, August 5, 2009. URL consultato il 14 April 2013.