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"La terra di Karda" è menzionata su una tavoletta di argilla sumera risalente al III millennio a.C. Questa terra era abitata dal "popolo di Su" che popolava le regioni meridionali del Lago Van; La connessione filologica tra "Kurd" e "Karda" è incerta, ma la relazione è considerata possibile. [1] Altre tavolette di argilla sumera si riferivano alle persone che vivevano nella terra di Karda, come Qarduchi e Qurti. [2] Karda / Qardu è etimologicamente correlata al Assyrian termine Urartu e il termine ebraico Ararat. [3]

Qarti o Qartas, originariamente insediati sulle montagne a nord di Mesopotamia, sono considerati come un probabile antenato dei curdi. Akkadians furono attaccati da nomadi che attraversavano il territorio di Qartas alla fine del 3o millennio a.C. Gli Akkadiani li hanno distinti come Guti. Hanno conquistato Mesopotamia nel 2150 a.C. e governò con 21 re fino a quando fu sconfitto dal re Sumer ian Utu-hengal. [4]

Molti curdi si considerano discendenti dai Medi, un antico popolo iraniano, [5] e persino usare un calendario risalente al 612 a.C., quando la Assiria n capitale di Ninive fu conquistata dai Medi. [6] La pretesa discesa mediana si riflette nelle parole del Inno nazionale curdo: "Siamo i figli dei Medi e Kai Khosrow." [7] Tuttavia, MacKenzie e Asatrian sfidano la relazione della lingua mediana con il curdo. Errore nelle note: </ref> di chiusura mancante per il marcatore <ref> Il Lingue curde, sul d'altra parte, formare un sottogruppo di lingue iraniane nordoccidentali come mediana. [8] [9] Alcuni ricercatori considerano l'indipendente Kardouchoi come gli antenati dei curdi, [10] mentre altri preferiscono Cyrtian s. Errore nelle note: </ref> di chiusura mancante per il marcatore <ref> Other Sumerian clay tablets referred to the people, who lived in the land of Karda, as the Qarduchi and the Qurti.[11] Karda/Qardu is etymologically related to the Assyrian term Urartu and the Hebrew term Ararat.[12]

Qarti or Qartas, who were originally settled on the mountains north of Mesopotamia, are considered as a probable ancestor of the Kurds. Akkadians were attacked by nomads coming through Qartas territory at the end of 3rd millennium B.C. Akkadians distinguished them as Guti. They conquered Mesopotamia in 2150 B.C. and ruled with 21 kings until defeated by the Sumerian king Utu-hengal.[13]

Many Kurds consider themselves descended from the Medes, an ancient Iranian people,[14] and even use a calendar dating from 612 B.C., when the Assyrian capital of Nineveh was conquered by the Medes.[15] The claimed Median descent is reflected in the words of the Kurdish national anthem: "We are the children of the Medes and Kai Khosrow."[16] However, MacKenzie and Asatrian challenge the relation of the Median language to Kurdish.[17][18] The Kurdish languages, on the other hand, form a subgroup of the Northwestern Iranian languages like Median.[8][19] Some researchers consider the independent Kardouchoi as the ancestors of the Kurds,[20] while others prefer Cyrtians.[21] The term "Kurd," however, is first encountered in Arabic sources of the seventh century.[22] Books from the early Islamic era, including those containing legends such as the Shahnameh and the Middle Persian Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan, and other early Islamic sources provide early attestation of the name Kurd.[23] The Kurds have ethnically diverse origins.[24][25]

During the Sassanid era, in Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan, a short prose work written in Middle Persian, Ardashir I is depicted as having battled the Kurds and their leader, Madig. After initially sustaining a heavy defeat, Ardashir I was successful in subjugating the Kurds.[26] In a letter Ardashir I received from his foe, Ardavan V, which is also featured in the same work, he is referred to as being a Kurd himself.

«

You've bitten off more than you can chew
and you have brought death to yourself.
O son of a Kurd, raised in the tents of the Kurds,
who gave you permission to put a crown on your head?[27]

»

The usage of the term Kurd during this time period most likely was a social term, designating Northwestern Iranian nomads, rather than a concrete ethnic group.[27][28]

Similarly, in AD 360, the Sassanid king Shapur II marched into the Roman province Zabdicene, to conquer its chief city, Bezabde, present-day Cizre. He found it heavily fortified, and guarded by three legions and a large body of Kurdish archers.[29] After a long and hard-fought siege, Shapur II breached the walls, conquered the city and massacred all its defenders. Thereafter he had the strategically located city repaired, provisioned and garrisoned with his best troops.[29]

Qadishaye, settled by Kavad in Singara, were probably Kurds[30] and worshiped the martyr Abd al-Masih.[31] They revolted against the Sassanids and were raiding the whole Persian territory. Later they, along with Arabs and Armenians, joined the Sassanids in their war against the Byzantines.[32]

There is also a 7th-century text by an unidentified author, written about the legendary Christian martyr Mar Qardagh. He lived in the 4th century, during the reign of Shapur II, and during his travels is said to have encountered Mar Abdisho, a deacon and martyr, who, after having been questioned of his origins by Mar Qardagh and his Marzobans, stated that his parents were originally from an Assyrian village called Hazza, but were driven out and subsequently settled in Tamanon, a village in the land of the Kurds, identified as being in the region of Mount Judi.[33]

  1. ^ [http: //journals.cambridge.org/ action / displayAbstract? fromPage = online & aid = 5769496 http: //journals.cambridge.org/ action / displayAbstract? fromPage = online & aid = 5769496].
  2. ^ Infobase Publishing, ISBN 9781438126760, [https: //books.google.com/books? id = stl97FdyRswC & pg = PA380 # v = onepage & q = kurds% 20guti https: //books.google.com/books? id = stl97FdyRswC & pg = PA380 # v = onepage & q = kurds% 20guti].
  3. ^ Una riflessione su due parole coraniche (Iblīs e Jūdī), con attenzione alle teorie di A. Mingan, vol. 124, 2004, DOI:10,2307 / 4.132.112, JSTOR 4.132.112.
  4. ^ vol. 4, 6, 16, ISSN 2360-266X (WC · ACNP).
  5. ^ Barbara A. West, Enciclopedia dei popoli dell'Asia e dell'Oceania, Infobase Publishing, 1º gennaio 2009, p. 518, ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7.
  6. ^ Template:Citare enciclopedia
  7. ^ {{cita libro | autore = Ofra Bengio | titolo = Risveglio curdo: edificio della nazione in una patria frammentata | url = https: //books.google.com/books? id = caCDBAAAQBAJ & pg = PA87 | data = 15 novembre 2014 | editore = University of Texas Press | isbn = 978-0-292-75813-1 | page = 87} }
  8. ^ a b Errore nelle note: Errore nell'uso del marcatore <ref>: non è stato indicato alcun testo per il marcatore Iranica-KurdLang
  9. ^ Le origini del curdo, vol. 60, 1961, 68–86, DOI:10.1111 / j.1467-968X.1961.tb00987.x.
  10. ^ I. Gershevitch, The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 2, [[[Cambridge University Press]], 1985, p. 257, ISBN 9780521200912.
  11. ^ (EN) Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 9781438126760. URL consultato il 30 January 2017.
  12. ^ G. S. Reynolds, A Reflection on Two Qurʾānic Words (Iblīs and Jūdī), with Attention to the Theories of A. Mingan, in Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 124, n. 4, 2004, pp. 675–689, DOI:10.2307/4132112.
  13. ^ Giampietro Fabbri, SUPARSTHAS and SWAGWAUTAS Colonisers of the Ancient World. Part I: Origins and early migrations, in Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology, vol. 4, 2017, pp. 6, 16.
  14. ^ Barbara A. West, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Infobase Publishing, 1º January 2009, p. 518, ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7.
  15. ^ Richard Nelson Frye, IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey, in Encyclopædia Iranica. URL consultato il 4 marzo 2016.
  16. ^ Ofra Bengio, Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland, University of Texas Press, 15 November 2014, p. 87, ISBN 978-0-292-75813-1.
  17. ^ P.G. Kreyenbroek, The Kurds: A contemporary overview, Routledge, 2000, 54, ISBN 978-0415072656.
  18. ^ G. Asatrian, Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds, Iran and the Caucasus, Vol.13, pp.1-58, 2009. (p.21)
  19. ^ D. N. MacKenzie, The Origins of Kurdish, in Transactions of the Philological Society, vol. 60, 1961, pp. 68–86, DOI:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1961.tb00987.x.
  20. ^ I. Gershevitch, The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1985, p. 257, ISBN 9780521200912.
  21. ^ Rüdiger Schmitt, CYRTIANS, su iranicaonline.org, 15 December 1993.
  22. ^ Martin van Bruinessen, "The ethnic identity of the Kurds," in: Ethnic groups in the Republic of Turkey, compiled and edited by Peter Alford Andrews with Rüdiger Benninghaus [=Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe B, Nr.60]. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwich Reichert, 1989, pp. 613–21. excerpt: "The ethnic label "Kurd" is first encountered in Arabic sources from the first centuries of the Islamic era; it seemed to refer to a specific variety of pastoral nomadism, and possibly to a set of political units, rather than to a linguistic group: once or twice, "Arabic Kurds" are mentioned. By the 10th century, the term appears to denote nomadic and/or transhumant groups speaking an Iranian language and mainly inhabiting the mountainous areas to the South of Lake Van and Lake Urmia, with some offshoots in the Caucasus. ... If there was a Kurdish-speaking subjected peasantry at that time, the term was not yet used to include them." Archived copy (PDF), su let.uu.nl. URL consultato il 23 giugno 2015 (archiviato dall'url originale il 15 October 2015).
  23. ^ A. Safrastian, Kurds and Kurdistan, The Harvill Press, 1948, p. 16 and p. 31
  24. ^ John A. Shoup III, Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 17 October 2011, p. 159, ISBN 978-1-59884-363-7.
  25. ^ David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds, Third, I.B. Tauris, 14 May 2004, pp. 8–9, 373, 375, ISBN 978-1-85043-416-0.
  26. ^ Kârnâmag î Ardashîr î Babagân. Trans. D. D. P. Sanjana. 1896
  27. ^ a b The Origins and Appearance of the Kurds in Pre-Islamic Iran, in Iranian Studies, vol. 1, n. 2, 1968, pp. 41–51, DOI:10.1080/00210866808701350.
  28. ^ Prolegemona to the Study of Kurds, in Iran and the Caucasus, vol. 13, n. 1, 2009, pp. 1–58, DOI:10.1163/160984909x12476379007846.
  29. ^ a b The Seven Great Monarchies, by George Rawlinson, The Seventh Monarchy, Part A, in Gutenberg.org. URL consultato il 2 marzo 2014.
  30. ^ W. B. Fisher, The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3, Issue 2, Cambridge University Press, 1968, p. 761, ISBN 9780521246934.
  31. ^ Harvey Weiss, The Origins of Cities in Dry-Farming Syria and Mesopotamia in the 3rd Millennium B.C., Guilford, Connecticut, Four Quarters Publishing, 1986, p. 76, ISBN 9780931500084.
  32. ^ G. Fisher, Writing the History of the "Persian Arabs": The Pre-Islamic Perspective on the "Nasrids" of al-Hirah, in Iranian Studies, vol. 49, 2016, pp. 247–290.
  33. ^ Walker, J. T. (2006). The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 26, 52.
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