Precursore sismico

Con il termine precursore sismico si fa riferimento ad un fenomeno di varia natura che precede un evento sismico. La tipologia di precursori sismici maggiormente studiati dagli scienziati nella storia sono^[1]:

Caratteristiche orbitali dei pianeti del Sistema Solare e la loro posizione rispetto alla Terra;
Caratteristiche orbitali della Luna;^[2]^[3]^[4]
Grado/caratteristiche di deformazione del terreno;^{[[[Aiuto:Chiarezza|]]]}
Variazioni del campo geomagnetico^[5]^[6]^[7];
Formazione di corpi nuvolosi al di sopra di epicentri sismici ("nuvole sismiche");^{[senza fonte]}
Anomalie gravitazionali terrestri;^[8]
Livello dell'acqua nel suolo;
Concentrazione del gas radon;^[9]^[10]
Condizioni meteorologiche (temperatura, vento, corpi nuvolosi);^{[senza fonte]}
Variazioni dell'emissione termica (radiazione infrarossa) della crosta terrestre;
Infrasuoni (geofonia);
Stress crostale;^{[non chiaro]}
Anomalie del comportamento animale;
Pulsazioni geo-elettriche;^{[non chiaro]}
Dati storici e statistici;^{[in che senso i dati storici sono precursori di un evento sismico imminente?]}
Inclinazione della crosta terrestre;^{[la crosta terrestre è curva, di quale inclinazione si tratta?]}
Tasso di accumulo di energia meccanica nelle faglie;
Variazioni del campo elettromagnetico naturale;
Variazioni GPS di un'area legate al geodinamismo;
Variazioni dell'attività solare^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16];
TGFR (Tide-Generation Forces Resonance) o forza di marea generata dalla Luna;
Variazioni geodetiche (variazioni della dimensione di un'area della crosta terrestre);
Variazioni ionosferiche (densità ionica, campo elettromagnetico).
MS-Double Time Method o analisi del tempo che intercorre fra due grandi terremoti;^{[non è il Seismic Gap? di cui sotto]}
Micro-vibrazioni della crosta terrestre^[sarebbero?];
Variazioni della resistività della crosta terrestre (elettrocinetica);
Variazioni della composizione chimica della crosta terrestre (incluso il gas radon);
Variazioni dell'attività dei vulcani di fango;^[17]^[18]
Seismic Gap o intervallo temporale sismico (ad esempio: statisticamente si osserva un terremoto M6+ all'anno in un determinato distretto sismico);^{[dati statistici non sono dei precursori]}
Foreshocks o scosse sismiche premonitrici (un esempio è stato il treno sismico che ha preceduto il terremoto dell'Aquila avvenuto il 6 aprile 2009 alle ore 03:32:39 UTC).

Note modifica

^ Dimitar Ouzounov, Recent Research In Monitoring Earthquakes by using multisensor satellite and ground data, NASA, 12 settembre 2007.
^ Kasahara. 2002. Tides, Earthquakes, and Volcanoes, Science 297, 348.
^ Metivier et al. 2009. Evidence of earthquake triggering by the solid earth tides, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 278 (2009) 370–375
^ Tanaka. 2010. Tidal triggering of earthquakes precursory to the recent Sumatra megathrust earthquakes of 26 December 2004 (Mw 9.0), 28 March 2005 (Mw 8.6), and 12 September 2007 (Mw 8.5), Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L02301.
^ G. Cataldi, D. Cataldi e V. Straser, Earth’s magnetic field anomalies that precede the M6+ global seismic activity, European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2014, Geophysical Research Abstract, Vol. 16, Natural Hazard Section (NH4.3), Electro-magnetic phenomena and connections with seismo-tectonic activity, Vienna, Austria. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, High Energy Astrophysics Division, SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System.
^ D. Cataldi, G. Cataldi e V. Straser, Variations of the Electromagnetic field that preceded the Peruvian M7.0 earthquake occurred on September 25, 2013, European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2014, Geophysical Research Abstract, Vol. 16, Natural Hazard Section (NH4.3), Electro-magnetic phenomena and connections with seismo-tectonic activity, Vienna, Austria. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, High Energy Astrophysics Division, SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System.
^ Han Yanben, Guo Zengjian, Wu Jibing, Ma Lihua, Possible triggering of solar acivity to big earthquakes (Ms ≥ 8) in faults with near west-east strike in China, Science in China Ser. G Physucs, Mechanics and Astronomy. 2004, Vol.47, No.2, 173-181.
^ Zhu Yiqing, Liu Fang, You Xinzhao, Liang Weifeng, Zhao Yunfeng, Liu Lian. Earthquake prediction from China’s mobile gravity data. Elsevier, Geodesy and Geodynamics. doi:10.1016/j.geog.2015.01.002.
^ Vivek Walia, Hardev Singh Virk, Tsanyao Frank Yang, Sandeep Mahajan, Monika Walia and Birkramjit Singh Bajwa. Earthquake Prediction Studies Using Radon as a Precursor in N-W Himalayas, India: A Case Study. TAO, Vol. 16, No. 4, 775-804, October 2005.
^ K. Wattananikorn, M. Kanaree, A. Wiboolsake. Soil gas radon as an earthquake precursor: some considerations on data improvement. Elsevier, Radiation Measurements. Volume 29, Issue 6, December 1998, Pages 593–598 doi:10.1016/S1350-4487(98)00079-1.
^ V. Straser, G. Cataldì, Solar wind proton density increase and geomagnetic background anomalies before strong M6+ earthquakes, Space Research Institute of Moscow, Russian Academy of Sciences, MSS-14. 2014. Moscow, Russia.
^ T. Rabeh, G. Cataldi e V. Straser, Possibility of coupling the magnetosphere–ionosphere during the time of earthquakes. European, Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2014, Geophysical Research Abstract, Vol. 16, Natural Hazard Section (NH4.3), Electro-magnetic phenomena and connections with seismo-tectonic activity, Vienna, Austria. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, High Energy Astrophysics Division, SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System.
^ Takayama, T., Suzuki, T., On the relation between the sunspot number and the destructive earthquakes in Japan. Bull, Earthquake Research Institute of Tokyo Imperial University, 1990, 8(3): 373–374.
^ Liu Defu, Li Lingyi, Evidence of solar activity effecting earthquake, Research of Earthquake (in Chinese), 1982, 1: 38–44.
^ Mazzarella, A., Palumbo, A., Solar, geomagnetic and seismic activity, Nuovo Cimento C, 1988, Serie 1 (11c): 353–364.
^ M. H. Jusoh, K. Yumoto. Possible correlation between solar activity and global seismicity. Space Environment Research Center of Kyushu University, ISW/MAGDAS School, Lagos, Nigeria, 2011.
^ Hirok Chaudhuri, Debasis Ghose, Rakesh K. Bhandari, Prasanta Sen, Bikash Sinha. geochemical approach to earthquake reconnaissance at the Baratang mud volcano, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 46 (2012) 52–60.
^ Giovanni Martinelli, Behrouz Panahi. Mud Volcanoes Geodynamics and Seismicity. NATO Science Series. IV Earth and Environmental Sciences - Vol. 51.

Voci correlate modifica

Precursore sismico elettromagnetico

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Portale Geologia: accedi alle voci di Wikipedia che trattano di geologia

[1] Dimitar Ouzounov, Recent Research In Monitoring Earthquakes by using multisensor satellite and ground data, NASA, 12 settembre 2007.

[2] Kasahara. 2002. Tides, Earthquakes, and Volcanoes, Science 297, 348.

[3] Metivier et al. 2009. Evidence of earthquake triggering by the solid earth tides, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 278 (2009) 370–375

[4] Tanaka. 2010. Tidal triggering of earthquakes precursory to the recent Sumatra megathrust earthquakes of 26 December 2004 (Mw 9.0), 28 March 2005 (Mw 8.6), and 12 September 2007 (Mw 8.5), Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L02301.

[5] G. Cataldi, D. Cataldi e V. Straser, Earth’s magnetic field anomalies that precede the M6+ global seismic activity, European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2014, Geophysical Research Abstract, Vol. 16, Natural Hazard Section (NH4.3), Electro-magnetic phenomena and connections with seismo-tectonic activity, Vienna, Austria. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, High Energy Astrophysics Division, SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System.

[6] D. Cataldi, G. Cataldi e V. Straser, Variations of the Electromagnetic field that preceded the Peruvian M7.0 earthquake occurred on September 25, 2013, European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2014, Geophysical Research Abstract, Vol. 16, Natural Hazard Section (NH4.3), Electro-magnetic phenomena and connections with seismo-tectonic activity, Vienna, Austria. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, High Energy Astrophysics Division, SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System.

[7] Han Yanben, Guo Zengjian, Wu Jibing, Ma Lihua, Possible triggering of solar acivity to big earthquakes (Ms ≥ 8) in faults with near west-east strike in China, Science in China Ser. G Physucs, Mechanics and Astronomy. 2004, Vol.47, No.2, 173-181.

[8] Zhu Yiqing, Liu Fang, You Xinzhao, Liang Weifeng, Zhao Yunfeng, Liu Lian. Earthquake prediction from China’s mobile gravity data. Elsevier, Geodesy and Geodynamics. doi:10.1016/j.geog.2015.01.002.

[9] Vivek Walia, Hardev Singh Virk, Tsanyao Frank Yang, Sandeep Mahajan, Monika Walia and Birkramjit Singh Bajwa. Earthquake Prediction Studies Using Radon as a Precursor in N-W Himalayas, India: A Case Study. TAO, Vol. 16, No. 4, 775-804, October 2005.

[10] K. Wattananikorn, M. Kanaree, A. Wiboolsake. Soil gas radon as an earthquake precursor: some considerations on data improvement. Elsevier, Radiation Measurements. Volume 29, Issue 6, December 1998, Pages 593–598 doi:10.1016/S1350-4487(98)00079-1.

[11] V. Straser, G. Cataldì, Solar wind proton density increase and geomagnetic background anomalies before strong M6+ earthquakes, Space Research Institute of Moscow, Russian Academy of Sciences, MSS-14. 2014. Moscow, Russia.

[12] T. Rabeh, G. Cataldi e V. Straser, Possibility of coupling the magnetosphere–ionosphere during the time of earthquakes. European, Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2014, Geophysical Research Abstract, Vol. 16, Natural Hazard Section (NH4.3), Electro-magnetic phenomena and connections with seismo-tectonic activity, Vienna, Austria. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, High Energy Astrophysics Division, SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System.

[13] Takayama, T., Suzuki, T., On the relation between the sunspot number and the destructive earthquakes in Japan. Bull, Earthquake Research Institute of Tokyo Imperial University, 1990, 8(3): 373–374.

[14] Liu Defu, Li Lingyi, Evidence of solar activity effecting earthquake, Research of Earthquake (in Chinese), 1982, 1: 38–44.

[15] Mazzarella, A., Palumbo, A., Solar, geomagnetic and seismic activity, Nuovo Cimento C, 1988, Serie 1 (11c): 353–364.

[16] M. H. Jusoh, K. Yumoto. Possible correlation between solar activity and global seismicity. Space Environment Research Center of Kyushu University, ISW/MAGDAS School, Lagos, Nigeria, 2011.

[17] Hirok Chaudhuri, Debasis Ghose, Rakesh K. Bhandari, Prasanta Sen, Bikash Sinha. geochemical approach to earthquake reconnaissance at the Baratang mud volcano, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 46 (2012) 52–60.

[18] Giovanni Martinelli, Behrouz Panahi. Mud Volcanoes Geodynamics and Seismicity. NATO Science Series. IV Earth and Environmental Sciences - Vol. 51.

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