Mujaddid
Col termine mujaddid (in arabo: مجدد)[1] si indica un "rinnovatore" della religione islamica.[2][3] Secondo la tradizione popolare musulmana, viene attribuito a persone che Allah farebbe nascere ogni secolo per rivivificare l'Islam e riportarlo alla sua primitiva purezza.
Il concetto è basato su un hadith famoso citato da Abu Dawud al-Sijistani:
|
«Abu Hurayra ha narrato che il Profeta Maometto ha detto: "Allah farà sorgere per la sua Umma ogni secolo un uomo che rinnoverà la sua religione.[4]» |
Secondo al-Dahabi ed Hajar al-Asqalani, il termine Mujaddid potrebbe anche essere plurale.
Elenco dei Mujaddid riconosciuti e potenzialiModifica
Malgrado non vi sia alcun criterio formale per designare la qualità di Mujaddid, esiste però un riconoscimento sostanziale da parte dei fedeli. Lo Sciismo e i Naqshbandi hanno loro elenchi di Mujaddid.[3]
I secolo dell'Egira (3 agosto 718)Modifica
- Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (682–720)[10][11]
- Al-Hasan al-Basri (642–728)[12]
II secolo (10 agosto 815)Modifica
- Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi'i (767–820)[11][13][14]
- Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780-855)[15]
III secolo (17 agosto 912)Modifica
- Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936)[16]
- Abu Ja'far al-Tahawi (853–933)[17]
IV secolo (24 agosto 1009)Modifica
- Abu Bakr al-Baqillani (950–1013)[11][14]
- Hakim al-Nishaburi (933–1012)[13]
- Ibn Hazm (994–1064)[14]
V secolo (1º settembre 1106)Modifica
- Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (1058–1111)[11][14][18][19][20][21]
- Ahmed al-Rifa'i (1118–1182)[22]
VI secolo (9 settembre 1203)Modifica
- Salauddin Ayyubi (1137–1193)[23]
- Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1210)[24]
- Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji (1206)[25][26]
VII secolo (5 settembre 1300)Modifica
VIII secolo (23 settembre 1397)Modifica
- Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292–1350)[28]
- Tamerlane (Timur) (1336–1405)[29]
- Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (1372–1448)[30]
IX secolo (1º ottobre 1494)Modifica
X secolo (19 ottobre 1591)Modifica
- Selim I (1470-1520)[34]
- Suleiman the Magnificent (1494-1566)[35]
- Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624)[36]
- Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad (1634–1720)[37]
XI secolo (26 ottobre 1688)Modifica
- Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1634–1720)[38]
- Mahiuddin Aurangzeb Alamgir (1618-1707)[39]
XII secolo (4 novembre 1785)Modifica
- Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703–1762)[40]
- Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792)[41]
- Murtaḍá al-Zabīdī (1732–1790)[31]
- Shah Abdul Aziz Delhwi (1745–1823)[42]
- Usman Dan Fodio (1754–1817)[43]
- Tipu Sultan (1750–1799)[44]
XIII secolo (14 novembre 1882)Modifica
- Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905)[14]
- Said Nursî (1878–1960)[45]
- Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898)[46]
- Mirza Ghulam of Qadian (1835–1908) (solo secondo all'Ahmadia)[47]
XIV secolo (21 novembre 1979)Modifica
- Abu l-A'la Maududi (1903-1979)[48]
- Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani (1914-1999)[49]
- Ahmed Didat (1918–2005)[50][51]
NoteModifica
- ^ Participio attivo di II forma, il cui ma?dar è tajdid, in Arabo ?????.
- ^ Burhan Ahmad Faruqi, The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid, p. 7. URL consultato il 31 dicembre 2014.
- ^ a b Meri Josef W. (a cura di), Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Psychology Press, p. 678.
- ^ Sunan, Libro 37, Kitab al-Malahim [Battaglie], ?adith n. 4278.
- ^ Roy Jackson, Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State, Routledge, 2010, ISBN 978-1-136-95036-0.
- ^ B. N. Pande, Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of Their Religious Policies, University of Michigan, 1996, ISBN 978-81-85220-38-3.
- ^ Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gulen by Ali Unal and Alphonse Williams, 10 June 2000; ISBN 978-0970437013
- ^ (EN) Ahmed Akgunduz e Said Ozturk, Ottoman History - Misperceptions and Truths, IUR Press, 2011, p. 14, ISBN 978-90-90-26108-9. URL consultato il 28 dicembre 2019.
- ^ Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, p. 172. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. ISBN 978-1-4051-7848-8
- ^ a b Mujaddid Ulema, Living Islam.
- ^ a b c d Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1º dicembre 2005), p. 678. ISBN 0415966906.
- ^ Studies in the History of the Sokoto Caliphate: The Sokoto Seminar Papers / edited by Y.B. Usman
- ^ a b Shah Waliullah, Izalat al-khafa'an khilafat al-khulafa?, p. 77, part 7.
- ^ a b c d e C.A.O.van Nieuwenhuijze, Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East, 1997, p. 24, ISBN 90-04-10672-3.
- ^ Mohammed M. I. Ghaly, "Writings on Disability in Islam: The 16th Century Polemic on Ibn Fahd's "al-Nukat al-Ziraf"," The Arab Studies Journal, Vol. 13/14, No. 2/1 (Fall 2005/Spring 2006), p. 26, note 98
- ^ Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1º dicembre 2005), p. 678. ISBN 0415966906
- ^ Islamic Studies - Volume 8 - Page 268
- ^ Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth Century Hujjat al-Islam, The Pen, 1º febbraio 2011.
- ^ Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p. 36. ISBN 0231519990
- ^ Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566
- ^ Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 421
- ^ Islamic Encyclopedia
- ^ Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gulen by Ali Unal and Alphonse Williams, 10 June 2000; ISBN 978-0970437013
- ^ al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149-1209), Muslim Philosophy.
- ^ Sufi Movements in Eastern India - Page 194
- ^ The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. 227-228
- ^ Ricordato dai salafiti. Ibn Taymiyya, i salafiti lo chiamano “Sheikh ul-Islam” - Hidaya Research Archiviato il 30 giugno 2015 in Internet Archive.. Ibn Taymiyya e alcuni suoi discepoli, come Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, furono criticati da loro contemporanei, quali al-Shafi?i, Taqi al-Din al-Subki [m. 1355] o Taj al-Din al-Subki [m. 1370]. https://books.google.ru/books?id=bDjjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA273&lpg=PA273&dq=%22Ibn+Taymiyya+and+his+disciples+such+as+Ibn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyya+were+declared+wayward+by+their+Sh%C4%81fi%27i+contemporaries+such+as+%22&source=bl&ots=ChbQXUhlYA&sig=sqx93iG0NuSHJQYBGrqkgSU5TPI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GBONVabCIMHoywOox66wDg&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Ibn%20Taymiyya%20and%20his%20disciples%20such%20as%20Ibn%20Qayyim%20al-Jawziyya%20were%20declared%20wayward%20by%20their%20Sh%C4%81fi'i%20contemporaries%20such%20as%20%22&f=false Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century by Khaled El-Rouayheb]
- ^ The Legal Thought of Jalāl Al-Din Al-Suyūṭī: Authority and Legacy, Page 133 Rebecca Skreslet Hernandez
- ^ Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, p. 214. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. ISBN 978-1-4051-7848-8
- ^ Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani, Hanafi.co.uk (archiviato dall'url originale il 2 settembre 2004).
- ^ a b Azyumardi Azra, The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia part of the ASAA Southeast Asia Publications Series, University of Hawaii Press, 2004, p. 18, ISBN 978-0-8248-2848-6.
- ^ Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, p. 172. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. ISBN 978-1-4051-7848-8
- ^ Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gulen by Ali Unal and Alphonse Williams, 10 June 2000; ISBN 978-0970437013
- ^ (EN) Ahmed Akgunduz e Said Ozturk, Ottoman History - Misperceptions and Truths, IUR Press, 2011, p. 14, ISBN 978-90-90-26108-9. URL consultato il 28 dicembre 2019.
- ^ Transactions of the Royal Historical Society: Volume 12: Sixth Series By Royal Historical Society
- ^ Cyril Glasse, The New Encyclopedia of Islam, AltaMira Press, 1997, p. 432, ISBN 90-04-10672-3.
- ^ A Short Biographical Sketch of Mawlana al-Haddad, Iqra Islamic Publications (archiviato dall'url originale il 27 maggio 2011).
- ^ A Short Biographical Sketch of Mawlana al-Haddad, Iqra Islamic Publications (archiviato dall'url originale il 27 maggio 2011).
- ^ Saifudheen Kunju, Shah Waliullah al-Dehlawi: Thoughts and Contributions, 2012, p. 1. URL consultato il 5 aprile 2015.
- ^ Saifudheen Kunju, Shah Waliullah al-Dehlawi: Thoughts and Contributions, 2012, p. 1. URL consultato il 5 aprile 2015.
- ^ Nawaf E. Obaid, The Power of Saudi Arabia's Islamic Leaders, in Middle East Quarterly, VI, n. 3, September 1999, pp. 51–58. URL consultato il 23 giugno 2011 (archiviato dall'url originale il 6 agosto 2011).
- ^ Gyarwee Sharif, al-mukhtar books (archiviato dall'url originale il 26 aprile 2012).
- ^ John O. Hunwick, African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources, 1995, p. 6.
- ^ Muslims and India's freedom movement, Shan Muhammad, Institute of Objective Studies (New Delhi, India), Institute of Objective Studies and the University of Michigan, 2002; 9788185220581
- ^ Andrew Rippin, Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, p. 282.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, Thompson Gale (2004)
- ^ Adil Hussain Khan, From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia, Indiana University Press, 6 April 2015, p. 42.
- ^ Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism, Oxford University Press.
- ^ Joas Wagemakers, Salafism in Jordan: Political Islam in a Quietist Community, Cambridge University Press, 2016, p. 43, ISBN 978-1-107-16366-9.
- ^ An Interview with Sh. Muhammad Awal, su muslimchroniclett.com. URL consultato il 30 luglio 2015 (archiviato dall'url originale il 10 luglio 2015).
- ^ Ahmed Deedat: The Man and His Mission by Goolam Vahed
BibliografiaModifica
- Sajida Silvia Alvi, "The Mujaddid and Tajdid Traditions in the Indian Subcontinent: An Historical Overview" ("Hindistan'da Mucaddid ve Tacdîd gelenegi: Tarihî bir bakis"), in: Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (1994), pp. 1–15.
- Yohanan Friedmann, Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity, Oxford India Paperbacks.
Collegamenti esterniModifica
- Concept of a Mujaddid and the past and present ones, su islamqa.org.
