Corporativismo: differenze tra le versioni

Il '''corporativismo''', noto anche come '''corporatismo''',<ref>Waite, Duncan. In press. “Imperial Hubris: The Dark Heart of Leadership.” Journal of School Leadership; Waite, Duncan, Turan, Selhattin & Niño, Juan Manuel. (2013). “Schools for Capitalism, Corporativism, and Corruption: Examples from Turkey and the US.” In Ira Bogotch & Carolyn Shields (eds.), International Handbook of Social (In)Justice and Educational Leadership (pp. 619-642). Dordercht, The Netherlands: Springer; Waite, Duncan & Waite, Susan F. (2010). “Corporatism and its Corruption of Democracy and Education.” Journal of Education and Humanities, 1(2), 86-106</ref> è una forma di organizzazione sociopolitica della società sotto forma di gruppi di interesse noti come [[corporazione|corporazioni]] distinti per settore.<ref>{{Cita libro|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKn2y2yS014C&pg=PA37&lpg=PA37&dq=%22system+of+social+organization+that+has+at+its+base+the+grouping+of+men+according+to+the+community+of+their+natural+interests%22&source=bl&ots=6F4pw17m4r&sig=HwOWSWx4kjI_Cq8i89H2ROvb414&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CBw-VN_jG4H8yQTVnYKYCg&ved=0CDQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22system%20of%20social%20organization%20that%20has%20at%20its%20base%20the%20grouping%20of%20men%20according%20to%20the%20community%20of%20their%20natural%20interests%22&f=false |titolo=Corporatism and Comparative Politics: The Other Great Ism |editore=M.E. Sharpe |autore=. Wiarda, Howard J |anno=1996 |città=0765633671 |pp=22–23 | isbn=0-7656-3367-1}}</ref> Esso si fonda in teoria sull'interpretazione [[organicismo|organicista]] della società.<ref>Wiarda, Howard J., pp. 27.</ref> The term corporatism is based on the Latin root word ''corpus'' (plural ''corpora'') meaning "body".<ref name="Clarke, Paul A. B. 2001. Pp. 113">Clarke, Paul A. B; Foweraker, Joe. ''Encyclopedia of democratic thought''. London, UK; New York, USA: Routledge, 2001. Pp. 113</ref>

 

 

Il corporativismo è correlato al concetto [[sociologia|sociologico]] di [[funzionalismo strutturale]].<ref name="Adler, Franklin Hugh Pp. 349">Adler, Franklin Hugh.''Italian Industrialists from Liberalism to Fascism: The Political Development of the Industrial Bourgeoisie, 1906–34''. Pp. 349</ref> Un'interazione sociale di stampo corporativo è comune nei gruppi parentelari come le famiglie, i clan e i gruppi etnici.<ref name="Wiarda, Howard J 1996. Pp. 10">Wiarda, Howard J., pp. 10.</ref> Oltre agli uomini anche alcune specie animali, come i [[pinguino|pinguini]], manifestano un forte comportamento sociale corporativo.<ref name="Murchison, Carl Allanmore 1967. Pp. 150">Murchison, Carl Allanmore; Allee, Warder Clyde. ''A handbook of social psychology, Volume 1''. 1967. Pp. 150.</ref><ref name="Conwy Lloyd Morgan 2009. Pp. 14">Conwy Lloyd Morgan, Conwy Lloyd. ''Animal Behaviour''. Bibliolife, LLC, 2009. Pp. 14.</ref> Forme di organizzazione corporativa sono diffuse in varie ideologie, come l'[[assolutismo]], il [[capitalismo]], il [[conservatorismo]], il [[fascismo]], il [[liberalismo]], il [[progressivismo]] e il [[reazionismo]].<ref>Wiarda, Howard J., pp. 31-38, 44, 111, 124, 140.</ref>

 

Il termine può anche riferirsi al trispartismo economico, fondato sulle negoziazioni fra gruppi di interesse imprenditoriali, di lavoratori e stato per definire le politiche economiche.<ref>Hans Slomp. ''European politics into the twenty-first century: integration and division''. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Praeger Publishers, 2000. Pp. 81</ref> In tale contesto viene spesso definito come "neocorporativismo", spesso associato alla socialdemocrazia.<ref name="Social Democratic Corporatism and Economic Growth, 1988">''Social Democratic Corporatism and Economic Growth'', by Hicks, Alexander. 1988. The Journal of Politics, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 677-704. 1988.</ref>

==Forme comuni==

=== Corporativismo parentelare ===

 

====Corporativismo liberale====

The idea of [[liberal corporatism]] has also been attributed to English liberal philosopher [[John Stuart Mill]] who discussed corporatist-like economic associations as needing to "predominate" in society to create equality for labourers and give them influence with management by [[economic democracy]].<ref>Gregg, Samuel. ''The commercial society: foundations and challenges in a global age''. Lanham,USA; Plymouth, UK: Lexington Books, 2007. Pp. 109</ref> Unlike some other types of corporatism, liberal corporatism does not reject capitalism or [[individualism]], but believes that the capitalist companies are social institutions that should require their managers to do more than maximize [[net income]], by recognizing the needs of their employees.<ref name="Waring, Stephen P. 1994. Pp. 193">Waring, Stephen P. ''Taylorism Transformed: Scientific Management Theory Since 1945''. University of North Carolina Press, 1994. Pp. 193.</ref>

 

A popular slogan of the Italian Fascists under Mussolini was, "Tutto nello Stato, niente al di fuori dello Stato, nulla contro lo Stato" ("everything for the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state").

 

 

However fascism's corporatism was a top-down model of state control over the economy while the Roman Catholic Church's corporatism favoured a bottom-up corporatism, whereby groups such as families and professional groups would voluntarily work together.<ref name="Morgan, Philip 2003. P. 170" /><ref>Lewis, Paul H. ''Authoritarian regimes in Latin America: dictators, despots, and tyrants''. Lanham, Maryland, USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2006. Pp. 131. "Fascism differed from Catholic corporatism by assigning the state the role of final arbiter, in the event that employer and labor syndicates failed to agree."</ref> The fascist state corporatism (of Roman Catholic Italy) influenced the governments and economies of a not only other Roman Catholic-majority countries, such as the governments of [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] in [[Austria]] and [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] in [[Portugal]], but also [[Konstantin Päts]] and [[Kārlis Ulmanis]] in non-Catholic [[Estonia]] and [[Latvia]]. Fascists in non-Catholic countries also supported Italian Fascist corporatism, including [[Oswald Mosley]] of the [[British Union of Fascists]] who commended corporatism and said that "it means a nation organized as the human body, with each organ performing its individual function but working in harmony with the whole".<ref name="Robert Eccleshall 1994. P. 208">Robert Eccleshall, Vincent Geoghegan, Richard Jay, Michael Kenny, Iain Mackenzie, Rick Wilford. ''Political Ideologies: An Introduction''. 2nd ed. Routledge, 1994. P. 208.</ref> Mosley also considered corporatism as an attack on [[laissez-faire]] economics and "international finance".<ref name="Robert Eccleshall 1994. P. 208" />

 

Analyst [[Andrei Piontkovsky]] also considers the present situation as "the highest and culminating stage of bandit capitalism in Russia”.<ref>[http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/4094.html#1 Putinism: highest stage of robber capitalism], by [[Andrei Piontkovsky]], The Russia Journal, February 7–13, 2000. The title is an allusion to work ''"[[Imperialism]] as the last and culminating stage of capitalism"'' by [[Vladimir Lenin]]</ref> He believes that "Russia is not corrupt. [[Political corruption|Corruption]] is what happens in all countries when businessmen offer officials large bribes for favors. Today’s Russia is unique. The businessmen, the politicians, and the bureaucrats are the same people."<ref>[http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_details&id=4852 Review of Andrei's Pionkovsky's ''Another Look Into Putin's Soul'' by the Honorable Rodric Braithwaite], [[Hoover Institute]]</ref>

 

== Altri progetti ==