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Utente:Dr.Zaius/Sandbox

Libera Repubblica di Liberland
micronazione
Libera Repubblica di Liberland – BandieraLibera Repubblica di Liberland - Stemma
Status
Dati amministrativi
Nome completoSvobodná Republika Liberland
MottoTo live and let live Žít a nechat žít Vivi e lascia vivere
Informazioni generali
LinguaInglese, Ceco
Capitale/CapoluogoLiberpolis Gornja Siga
Areakm²
Manuale

Template:Infobox country

Liberland, officially the Free Republic of Liberland, is a micronation claiming an uninhabited parcel of disputed land on the western bank of the Danube, between Croatia and Serbia. It was first proclaimed on 13 April 2015 by Czech right-libertarian politician and activist Vít Jedlička.[1][2]

The official website of Liberland states that the nation was created due to the ongoing Croatia–Serbia border dispute.[3][4][5] There has been no diplomatic recognition of Liberland by any country from the United Nations.

Location modifica

 
The territory claimed by Liberland is situated at the largest green-colored land parcel, marked as "Siga" on the map. Due to differences in the border definitions, the yellow-colored parts to the east are claimed by both Serbia and Croatia. Croatia asserts that the green parts are part of Serbia, but Serbia does not claim them. This led Jedlička to assert that the green parts have remained unclaimed by both sides.

Template:Details Since the Yugoslav Wars, some borderland territories between Serbia and Croatia have been disputed, such as the Island of Vukovar and the Island of Šarengrad; multiple news sources have reported that both Serbia and Croatia claim ownership of the land Jedlička has targeted.[6][7]Template:Better source Jedlička, however, says that the land he has claimed, known as Gornja Siga (meaning upper tufa), was not claimed by either side.[1][2][4]

The area is about 7 chilometri quadri (2,7 mi²), and most of it is covered with forests. There are no residents. A journalist from Template:Interlanguage link multi who visited the area in April 2015 found a house that had been abandoned for about thirty years, according to people living in the vicinity. The access road was reported to be in a bad condition.[8]

The Danube, an international waterway with free access to the Black Sea for several landlocked nations, runs along the self-proclaimed territory.

History modifica

Proclamation modifica

The flag raising in Gornja Siga was performed by Vít Jedlička and some of his associates on the same day the republic was proclaimed.[9][10] The flag consists of a yellow backdrop (symbolizing libertarianism) with a black stripe running horizontally through the centre (symbolizing anarchy/rebellion) and the coat of arms in the centre.[11][12] Jedlička is a member of the Czech Party of Free Citizens, which bases its values on the classical liberal ideology.[4]

Jedlička stated that neither Serbia, Croatia nor any other nation claims the land as its own (terra nullius). The border, he argued, was defined in accordance with Croatian and Serbian border claims and did not interfere with any other state's sovereignty.[1] Jedlička said in April 2015 that an official diplomatic note would be sent to both Croatia and Serbia, and later to all other states, with a formal request for international recognition.[13]

On 18 December 2015, Jedlička held an event at which he presented the first provisional government of Liberland and its ministers of finance, foreign affairs, interior and justice as well as two vice presidents.[14]Template:Self-published source

Reactions modifica

Legal experts in both Serbia and Croatia have said that, under international law, Jedlička lacks the right to claim the area, which is currently the subject of a dispute between the two nations.[6][7][15] Journalists have been uncertain as to how serious Jedlička is about his claims, with some calling it a publicity stunt.[16][17]

In an interview with Parlamentní Listy in April 2015, Jedlička claimed that he had received positive reactions for his initiative, mainly from his own party the Party of Free Citizens, for which he was a regional chairman,[18] but also from some members of the Civic Democratic Party and the Pirate Party.[9]

On 20 May 2015 Petr Mach, the leader of the Party of Free Citizens, expressed support for the creation of a state based on ideas of freedom, adding that the Party of Free Citizens wants the Czech Republic to become a similarly free country.[19]

Dominik Stroukal from the Czech-Slovak branch of the Ludwig von Mises Institute wrote: "The escapade succeeded for Vít. The whole world reports about Liberland with words like 'tax competition', 'libertarianism', etc."[20]

Goran Vojković, professor of law and columnist from the Croatian news portal Index.hr, described Liberland as a "circus which threatens Croatian territory", and argued that there was a risk that Croatia's claim to control land on the other side of the Danube may be weakened by the attention that the Liberland project has drawn to the border dispute.[21]

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University lecture modifica

On 20 April, Jedlička delivered a lecture at the Prague School of Economics, titled "Liberland – how a state is born" (Template:Lang-cz). He discussed various aspects of the project and the interest it has attracted around the world. One topic that he brought up was the Montevideo Convention; he explained that Liberland intended to satisfy the principles of the convention, which is commonly used to define a state. At the time of the lecture, the Liberland project had assigned ten people willing to handle foreign relations.[22]

Other topics covered in the lecture included the concept of voluntary taxation and how the large number of citizenship applications had made it necessary to restructure the citizenship process to be more effective, since it was only based on an e-mail account. A plan to organize some type of event where everything is sold tax-free was mentioned, and Jedlička submitted that Croatia would not be able to prosecute them because the country had stated that the area is not within its jurisdiction.[22]

Access modifica

Croatian authorities have frequently blocked access to the area since the beginning of May 2015.[6] Vít Jedlička was twice detained for less than a day by Croatian authorities in the same month.

Croatia has deployed police units to prevent Liberland staff and supporters from reaching the area.[6]

Initially, Czech reporters were able to enter the area with Jedlička.[8] A team of journalists from the Serbian public broadcast service Radio Television of Vojvodina attempted to visit the area to make a news report. They reported that the Croatian border police denied them access without providing any clear explanation, and told them the flag had been taken down.[23]

A Bosnian group of journalists from Dnevni Avaz who attempted to visit the area were told by Croatian police that Croatia enforces a fine of Template:Currency for those that enter the zone near the border with a car. They borrowed bicycles from a local, but as they attempted to reach the area again, they met another patrol, and they couldn't continue past the border gate.[24]

In May 2015, Vít Jedlička and his translator Sven Sambunjak were shortly detained by Croatian police after making an attempt to cross the border. Jedlička spent one night in detention and then was convicted and ordered to pay a fine for illegal crossing of the Croatian border[25] but appealed the verdict. He claimed that there were at least three Liberland citizens inside the area, who came from Switzerland.[26] He didn't view the arrest as something negative, but rather as an opportunity to discuss politics and get insights on the thoughts among those who work for the Croatian police and government. According to Jedlička, the police officers were friendly and curious about the project.[27][28][29]

A few days after his detention, six other people (from the Czech Republic, Ireland, Germany, Denmark, and the US) were detained and fined. A complaint to the Danish Embassy in Zagreb was made because they allege they were prevented from contacting anyone during the apprehension and detention. Their goal, under the auspices of the Swiss non-profit organization Liberland Settlement Association, was to settle the disputed area.[30]

According to the Liberland website, Jedlička and 10 other people were detained again 16 May 2015 by Croatian police. Jedlička was released after a court hearing 17 May 2015.[31]

Croatian police have continued detaining anyone that entered the area.[32]Template:Self-published source On 13 June 2015, four people who managed to land on the beach were detained for illegal border crossing by boat, and brought before court the next day.[33]

On 18 June 2015, Danish activist Ulrik Grøssel Haagensen accessed the area in a small boat and was followed onto land by Croatian police. Haagensen claimed he had the right to access the territory, but was arrested, dragged off, and placed in a Croatian police vessel. The incident was caught on video. Jedlička stated his intention to bring Croatia to court for crossing an international border and invading Liberland.[34][35]

Several appeals court decisions from Croatia were published in early May 2016. The court upheld that crossing into Liberland from Croatia is illegal, but found the convictions for entering Liberland from Serbia improper. The court said that the lower court committed "a fundamental breach of misdemeanor proceedings" and "essential procedural violations". It further ruled that "the facts were incorrectly and incompletely established [by the prosecutor] which could lead to misapplication of substantive law". A retrial was ordered in 6 of the 7 appeals. The lower court is required to determine the location of the border and the border crossing.[36]Template:Self-published source

Legality modifica

Some legal experts in both Serbia and Croatia maintain that Jedlička's claim lacks legal basis, and multiple sources have reported that both Serbia and Croatia dispute ownership of the land Jedlička has targeted.[6][7] Croatia and Serbia have dismissed Jedlička's claims as frivolous, although the two countries have reacted in different ways. On 24 April 2015, the Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that while they consider the affair a trivial matter, the "new state" does not impinge upon the Serbian border, which is delineated by the Danube.[37] Croatia, which currently administers the land in question, has stated that after international arbitration, it should be awarded to Croatia or Serbia, not to a third party.[38]

An article in Chicago Journal of International Law, the law review of the University of Chicago Law School, examined Liberland's claim to statehood in light of the criteria laid out by the Montevideo Convention. According to the author, "Croatia’s insistence that Liberland is part of Serbia could constitute a renunciation of Croatia’s legal rights to Liberland. Conversely, if the territory that Liberland claims as its own is Serbian, the Serbian government’s renunciation of its title to that land could also be a quitclaim that would transform the legal status of the land to terra nullius. In both instances, the territory would belong to the first entity —in this case Liberland— to claim it.”[39]

Citizenship modifica

 
Liberland Citizenship Certificate

According to its official webpage, Liberland is currently looking for people who have respect for other people and respect the opinions of others, regardless of their race, ethnicity, orientation, or religion, have respect for private ownership which is untouchable, and have not been punished for past criminal offences.[40] Liberland received 200,000 applications in a week.[41] In the beginning of May 2015, Liberland accepted around thirty citizens. An event was supposed to take place in the claimed territory, but Croatian border police stopped the group from entering it from the Croatian side. An attempt to cross the river with fishing boats from Serbia failed because the local fishermen didn't have permits for transporting people with their boats. Serbian police informed Jedlička that anyone trying to cross the border illegally would be arrested. An improvised ceremony was instead held in Bački Monoštor.

A constitution has been drafted and revised several times. The draft consists of four chapters. It includes a Bill of Rights and regulates the public administration, the political institutions, the legislative power, and the judicial power.[42]

Recognition modifica

There has been no diplomatic recognition of Liberland by any member of the United Nations.

Official statements from states modifica

  •  : Liberland has been mentioned by the Croatian Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs but rejected as a joke.[43] On 29 June 2015, the Croatian Ministry of Foreign affairs said that Gornja Siga's status is undetermined, but it is not terra nullius, and after international arbitration, it will be awarded to Croatia or Serbia, not to a third party.[38] On 17 January 2017, Liberland was discussed and debated in the Croatian Parliament (Sabor) by Ivan Pernar of the Zivi Zid party.[44]Template:Self-published source
  •  : The Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has stated that Liberland does not infringe upon the border of Serbia, but the project is seen as "frivolous".[37]
  •  : The Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has warned people of the possibility of scams about Liberland directed at people looking for jobs abroad. "Egyptians should seek information from the Foreign Ministry rather than social media before travelling for work."[45]
  •  : The Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs disassociated itself from the activities of Mr. Jedlička, stating it has nothing to do with them. The ministry added that "Mr. Jedlička, as well as other Czech citizens staying in the territory of Croatia or Serbia, is obliged to abide by the local legal code. The Czech Republic considers the activities of Mr. Jedlička inappropriate and potentially harmful."[46] Through the Embassy of the Czech Republic in Zagreb, it warned that the "efforts to create some new 'state' have no basis in international law," and that "in the territory of Croatia, citizens of the Czech Republic as well as other foreigners are obliged to adhere to the Croatian legal code, including the current regime on the Croatian-Serbian border. Crossing the Croatian border (i.e., the external border of the European Union) outside specified border crossings, as it is done by travelers to the so-called Liberland, is in clear violation of the code."[47]
  •  : On 24 July 2016, 7 members of Polish Parliament (Sejm) from Kukiz'15 in cooperation with local Liberland activists asked Minister of Foreign Affairs Witold Waszczykowski when Poland would recognize the Free Republic of Liberland as an independent state.[48]Template:Self-published source, with a follow-up in August.[49] The reply was that Liberland doesn't meet the criteria for statehood.[50]

Official statements from political parties modifica

In 2015, several minor freedom parties with no elected representatives at their national level, expressed support for the creation of Liberland. They are the Capitalist Party in Norway,[51] the Libertarian Party (Spain),[52] The Swiss Independence Party up! (Unabhängigkeitspartei)[53] and the Liberal Democratic Party (Turkey) (LDP).[54]

Statements from other micronation projects modifica

A few micronations have expressed support for the idea of Liberland.

See also modifica

See also modifica

References modifica

  1. ^ a b c Liberland.org – About Liberland, su liberland.org. URL consultato il 15 April 2015.
  2. ^ a b Welcome to Liberland: Europe's Newest State, Vice News, 25 April 2015. URL consultato il 25 April 2015.
  3. ^ Balkans: Czech man claims to establish 'new state', in BBC News. URL consultato il 17 April 2015.
  4. ^ a b c (Czech) Člen Svobodných vyhlásil na území bývalé Jugoslávie vlastní stát, Novinky.cz, 15 April 2015. URL consultato il 15 April 2015. Lingua sconosciuta: Czech (aiuto)
  5. ^ (Slovak) Čech si medzi Srbskom a Chorvátskom založil vlastný štát, sme.sk, 15 April 2015. URL consultato il 15 April 2015. Lingua sconosciuta: Slovak (aiuto)
  6. ^ a b c d e Police in the Balkans block inauguration of Europe's new "mini-state", 9 May 2015. URL consultato il 9 May 2015.
  7. ^ a b c Croatian police question Czech leader of wannabe country ‘Liberland’., 10 May 2015. URL consultato il 18 July 2015.
  8. ^ a b (Czech) Navštívili jsme nový stát Liberland, který v Evropě založil Čech Vít Jedlička. Podívejte se, jak to tam vypadá, Parlamentní Listy, 20 April 2015. URL consultato il 20 April 2015. Lingua sconosciuta: Czech (aiuto)
  9. ^ a b (Czech) On to myslí vážně! Vít Jedlička, zakladatel nového státu Liberland, promluvil. Zavádí elektřinu, internet, všechno. A lidé se k němu hrnou, Parlamentní Listy, 15 April 2015. URL consultato il 15 April 2015. Lingua sconosciuta: Czech (aiuto)
  10. ^   (Czech) CZ: Liberland, Medium Europe, , 15 April 2015. Lingua sconosciuta: Czech (aiuto)
  11. ^ (EN) Meet the man who is setting up a new country in the middle of Europe, su independent.co.uk.
  12. ^ Twitter, su mobile.twitter.com. URL consultato il 28 December 2015.
  13. ^ (Serbian) Čeh proglasio državu između Srbije i Hrvatske, B92, 15 April 2015. URL consultato il 15 April 2015. Lingua sconosciuta: Serbian (aiuto)
  14. ^ Government announcement, su liberland.org. URL consultato il 20 January 2016.
  15. ^ Liberland’s leader detained while trying to enter the country he just invented, 11 May 2015. URL consultato il 19 July 2015.
  16. ^ On the Danube, the world's newest micro-nation. But Liberland has a problem., 29 June 2015. URL consultato il 18 July 2015.
  17. ^ Man forms own European country and more than 160,000 people want citzenship – trouble is, you can’t get in, 11 May 2015. URL consultato il 24 April 2015.
  18. ^ (Czech) Ptejte se lídra Strany svobodných občanů v Královéhradeckém kraji Víta Jedličky - Hradecký deník, in Hradecký Deník, 18 Oct 2013. URL consultato il 15 May 2017. Lingua sconosciuta: Czech (aiuto)
  19. ^ Petr Mach | ParlamentniListy.cz – politika ze všech stran, su parlamentnilisty.cz. URL consultato il 23 December 2015.
  20. ^ (Czech) Několik nestrukturovaných poznámek k Liberlandu, Ludwig von Mises Institut – Česko & Slovensko, 18 April 2015. URL consultato il 18 April 2015. Lingua sconosciuta: Czech (aiuto)
  21. ^ (Croatian) Liberland je Srbija!, index.hr, 12 May 2015. URL consultato il 14 May 2015. Lingua sconosciuta: Croatian (aiuto)
  22. ^ a b (Czech) Je to smršť! Skoro nespím, osadníci se hrnou, noviny se předhánějí. My to prostě uděláme, slyšel plný sál od Víta Jedličky, zakladatele státu Liberland, Parlamentní Listy, 21 April 2015. URL consultato il 21 April 2015. Lingua sconosciuta: Czech (aiuto)
  23. ^ (Serbian) Liberlend, zemlja koje – nema, Radio Televizija Vojvodine, 17 April 2015. URL consultato il 18 April 2015. Lingua sconosciuta: Serbian (aiuto)
  24. ^ (Bosnian) POTRAGA ZA LIBERLANDOM Reporteri "Avaza" na ničijoj zemlji između Srbije i Hrvatske, Dnevni Avaz, 26 April 2015. URL consultato il 26 April 2015. Lingua sconosciuta: Bosnian (aiuto)
  25. ^ (Croatian) Osnivač Liberlanda kažnjen s 2400 kuna za ilegalni prelazak hrvatske granice, Glas Slavonije, 11 May 2015. URL consultato l'11 May 2015. Lingua sconosciuta: Croatian (aiuto)
  26. ^ (Czech) Jedličkova bitva u Moháče. Všichni nám tu fandí, říká tvůrce Liberlandu, iDnes, 11 May 2015. URL consultato il 24 May 2015. Lingua sconosciuta: Czech (aiuto)
  27. ^ (Croatian) Vid Jedlička uhićen nakon ulaska na teritorij Liberlanda, Večernji List, 9 May 2015. URL consultato il 10 May 2015. Lingua sconosciuta: Croatian (aiuto)
  28. ^ (Czech) Chorvatsko zatklo "prezidenta" Liberlandu. Bylo to přátelské, tvrdí Čech, iDnes, 10 May 2015. URL consultato il 10 May 2015. Lingua sconosciuta: Czech (aiuto)
  29. ^ President of Liberland Arrested for Trespassing into His Own Self-Declared Country, Vice News, 11 May 2015. URL consultato l'11 May 2015.
  30. ^ (Croatian) Putovanje u Liberland zasad stoji 2400 kuna – tolika je kazna za ilegalni prijelaz granice, Večernji List, 11 May 2015. URL consultato il 12 May 2015. Lingua sconosciuta: Croatian (aiuto)
  31. ^ Croatia: Liberland’s president arrested again, inSerbia, 17 May 2015. URL consultato il 24 May 2015.
  32. ^ LSA Press Releases, Renewed Aggression in Croatian Occupied Liberland — Medium, su medium.com, 8 June 2015. URL consultato il 23 December 2015.
  33. ^ Igrali odbojku na 'plaži u Liberlandu' pa ih uhitila hrvatska policija - Večernji.hr, su vecernji.hr, 13 June 2015. URL consultato il 23 December 2015.
  34. ^ (Croatian) Liberland optužuje Hrvatsku za invaziju, Večernji List, 20 June 2015. URL consultato il 20 June 2015. Lingua sconosciuta: Croatian (aiuto)
  35. ^ Liberland Accuses Croatia of Invasion and Releases Video of 'Citizen' Abduction, Vice, 19 June 2015. URL consultato il 20 June 2015.
  36. ^ Liberland Wins Appeals! Lower Courts "Committed a Fundamental Breach" and "Must Rule On Border" | Liberland Press, su liberlandpress.com, 2 maggio 2016.
  37. ^ a b Liberland: Could the world's newest micronation get off the ground?, CNN, 25 April 2015. URL consultato il 25 April 2015.
  38. ^ a b Mađarska - MVEP • On Virtual Narratives at Croatia’s Borders, su hu.mvep.hr.
  39. ^ Rossman, Gabriel (2016) "Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (But Still So Far): Assessing Liberland’s Claim of Statehood," Chicago Journal of International Law: Vol. 17: No. 1, Article 10. URL: http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol17/iss1/10
  40. ^ https://liberland.org/en/about/
  41. ^ Nolan, Daniel, Liberland: hundreds of thousands apply to live in world's newest 'country', su theguardian.com, The Guardian, 24 April 2015. URL consultato il 24 April 2015.
    «"In the week since Liberland announced its creation and invited prospective residents to join the project, they have received about 200,000 citizenship applications – one every three seconds – from almost every country in the world."»
  42. ^ Liberland.org - Constitution, su liberland.org. URL consultato il 12 novembre 2015.
  43. ^ (Croatian) Svjetski mediji dosta ozbiljno shvaćaju onog tipa koji pokušava osnovati mikrodržavu na Dunavu, in Telegram, 23 April 2015. URL consultato il 23 April 2015. Lingua sconosciuta: Croatian (aiuto)
  44. ^ Liberland Discussed And Defended In Croatian Parliament, su liberlandpress.com.
  45. ^ Foreign Min. warns Egyptians against emigrating to Liberland, in The Cairo Post, 23 April 2015. URL consultato il 23 April 2015.
  46. ^ Prohlášení MZV ke kauze tzv. Liberlandu, su mzv.cz, May 14, 2015.
  47. ^ (Czech) Upozornění Velvyslanectví ČR k cestám do tzv. "Liberlandu", Velvyslanectví České republiky v Záhřebu (Embassy of the Czech Republic in Zagreb), 15 May 2015. URL consultato il 24 May 2015. Lingua sconosciuta: Czech (aiuto)
  48. ^ Seven members of Polish Parliament proposed the recognition of Liberland, su liberlandpress.com. URL consultato il 24 July 2016.
  49. ^ (Polish) Interpelacja nr 4903. Do ministra spraw zagranicznych. W sprawie notyfikowania uznania niepodległości Wolnej Republiki Liberlandu, su sejm.gov.pl, 22 August 2016. Lingua sconosciuta: Polish (aiuto)
  50. ^ (Polish) Odpowiedź na interpelację ponowną nr 4903. W sprawie notyfikowania uznania niepodległości Wolnej Republiki Liberlandu, su sejm.gov.pl, 26 September 2016. Lingua sconosciuta: Polish (aiuto)
  51. ^ (Norwegian) Liberalistene med første landsmøte, Capitalist Party, 12 May 2015. URL consultato il 12 May 2015. Lingua sconosciuta: Norwegian (aiuto)
  52. ^ El P-LIB, con la República Libre de Liberland | P-LIB | Partido Libertario, su p-lib.es. URL consultato il 23 December 2015.
  53. ^ up! fordert die Anerkennung der Freien Republik Liberland – up!schweiz, su up-schweiz.ch. URL consultato il 24 January 2016.
  54. ^ Habertürk – Captioned, su dotsub.com, Dotsub. URL consultato il 23 December 2015.
  55. ^ The Kingdom of North Sudan recognized the Liberland, su kingdomsudan.org, Kingdom of North Sudan News Channel, 20 April 2015.
  56. ^ a b (EN) Introducing Liberland, Europe's Newest Country, su stratfor.com.
  57. ^ (EN) About – enclava.org, su enclava.org.
  58. ^ (EN) Liberland’s Claim To Independence, su sealandgov.org.
  59. ^ (EN) Nate Vickery, The Green Nation of Liberland: Plausible or Far Fetched – TechMalak, in TechMalak, 17 agosto 2016.

External links modifica

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