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Utente:Japs 88/prove

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Lacesa modifica

Lacesa, abbreviazione di Latterie Centro Sardegna, è un caseificio cooperativo sardo fondato nel 1907.

Libro di antropologia

Da Bortigali:

Il 25 agosto 1907 fu costituita a Bortigali, grazie anche all'impulso dato dal medico condotto Pietro Solinas[21], la “Latteria Sociale Cooperativa”, primo e per molti anni unico esempio di cooperazione nel settore caseario in Sardegna. Nacque per l'esigenza degli allevatori locali di opporsi all'egemonia degli industriali del continente che da qualche anno avevano impiantato a Macomer i primi caseifici per la produzione del Pecorino Romano, oltre che per il normale desiderio economico di produrre, competere, e far conoscere i propri prodotti, in un periodo di espansione e di generale dinamismo dell'agricoltura sarda[22]. Per molti anni si distinse tra le altre cooperative sarde, anche di altri settori, per il giro d'affari e le capacità organizzative. Ancora oggi, con la denominazione di La.Ce.Sa. (Latteria Centro Sardegna) è una delle realtà più importanti e note del settore. Vi si producono (oltre al Pecorino Romano destinato all'esportazione) alcuni formaggi tipici e rinomati, quali il caciocavallo o casizolu, il provolone, sa fresa ‘e attunzu (un vaccino a pasta molle che si sta attualmente cercando di promuovere anche con un'apposita sagra organizzata dalla Pro Loco).

Lista di regimi totalitari supportati dagli Stati Uniti d'America modifica

Intro modifica

 
Reunion of SEATO leaders in Manila, 1966, with the presence of authoritarian leaders Nguyen Cao Ky from South Vietnam (first from left, with Australian Prime Minister Harold Holt at his side), Park Chung-Hee from South Korea (third from the left), Ferdinand Marcos from Philippines (fourth from the left, with New Zealand Prime Minister Keith Holyoake at his right) and Thanom Kittikachorn from Thailand (second from the right, with US President Lyndon B. Johnson at his side)

Dalla fine del 1800 in poi, il governo degli Stati Uniti d'America ha supportato numerosi regimi totalitari di stampo anti-socialista, anti-comunista e anti-islamista. Il supporto, che perdura ai giorni nostri, consiste principalmente in aiuti finanziari, educazione, armi, addestramento militare e supporto tecnico ed è in aperto contrasto con gli ideali democratici espressi nella Costituzione degli Stati Uniti d'America.

Prima della rivoluzione russa, il supporto alle dittature era spesso motivato da interessi economici, e principalmente dall'apertura di nuovi mercati per le aziende statunitensi. Dopo l'ascesa del comunismo, la motivazione ha preso un carattere più prettamente politico, e il supporto si è concentrato su quei regimi che i vari governi statunitensi ritenevano più utili a combattere l'avanzata di ideali comunisti, socialisti e social-democratici, specialmente in America Latina.[1][2] L'assistenza alle dittature di destra continuò nonostante la contraddizione con gli ideali di democrazia sposati dagli USA durante la Guerra fredda.[3] Allo stesso tempo, era comunque presente una componente econmica per salvguardare gli interessi dele aziende statunitensi che operavano all'estero, come la United Fruit Company e la Standard Oil, specialmente quando questi interessi venivano minacciati da governi democratici.[4][3] Nel corso del tempo, il supporto alle dittature è stato inquadrato e giustificato secondo varie ideologie, quali la dottrina Truman, la dottrina Kirkpatrick e la Guerra contro la droga.[4]

Dal 1980 in poi, il governo statunitense ha iniziato a temere che i propri interessi sarebbero stati minacciati dai movimenti islamisti che stavano allora montando consensi in Medio Oriente. Ha perciò iniziato una campagna per assicurarsi la cooperazione delle dittature della regione e, al contempo, per indebolire o rimuovere le dittature che non cooperavano.[5]

In anni più recenti, molti commentatori e analisti hanno espresso supporto per questo tipo di politiche, e alcuni hanno sostenuto che la stabilità regionale sia più importante della democrazia.[6][7] Gli Stati Uniti d'America continuano a supportare alcune dittature, sebbene la pressione dell'opinione pubblica stia spingendo l'amministrazione statunitense a prediligere regimi più consensuali rispetto alle dittature più efferate.[8]

Dittature supportate al giorno d'oggi modifica

Template:Expand list

Date del supporto Paese Regime Note
1991–   Heydar Aliyev; Ilham Aliyev[9][10] Template:Sort
1992–present   Nursultan Nazarbayev[11][12] Template:Sort
1959–present   People's Action Party[13][13][14]
1984–present   Hassanal Bolkiah[15][16][17][18]
2011–present   Trương Tấn Sang[19] Template:Sort
2014–present   Prayut Chan-o-cha[20] Template:Sort
1994–present   Emomali Rahmon[19] Template:Sort
2006–present   Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow[19] Template:Sort
1945–present   House of Saud[21][22][23] Template:Sort
1999–present   Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa[24] Template:Sort
1972–present   House of Thani[25][26] Template:Sort
1970–present   Qaboos bin Said al Said[23] Template:Sort
1954–present   Hashemite Dynasty[27][28] Template:Sort
1971–present   United Arab Emirates[29] Template:Sort
2014–present   Abdel Fattah el-Sisi[30] Template:Sort
1777–present   Alaouite dynasty[31] Template:Sort
1999–present   Ismaïl Omar Guelleh[32][33] Template:Sort
1979–present   Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo[19] Template:Sort
1982–present   Paul Biya[34][35] Template:Sort
1990–present   Idriss Déby[36] Template:Sort
1986–present   Yoweri Museveni[37] Template:Sort
2000–present   Paul Kagame[38] Template:Sort

Authoritarian regimes supported in the past modifica

Template:Expand list

 
Current president Barack Obama and Michelle Obama with Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow of Turkmenistan, September 2009, one of the most repressive regimes in the world,[39] supported with millions of dollars in military aid.[40]
Middle East special envoy Donald Rumsfeld meeting Saddam Hussein on 19–20 December 1983.
 
Mobutu Sese Seko and Richard Nixon in Washington, D.C., 1973.
 
Presidents Emílio G. Médici (left) and Richard Nixon, December 1971. A hardliner, Médici sponsored the greatest human rights abuses of Brazil's military regime. During his government, persecution and torture of dissidents, harassment against journalists and press censorship became ubiquitous. A 2014 report by Brazil's National Truth Commission states that the United States of America was involved with teaching the Brazilian military regime torture techniques.[41]
 
U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger shaking hands with Augusto Pinochet in 1976.
Date of support Country Regime Notes
1876–1911   Porfirio Díaz[42] During the Porfiriato, tensions between the U.S. and Mexico were high.
1929–2000   Institutional Revolutionary Party[43] Template:Sort
1932–1944   Maximiliano Hernández Martínez[44] Template:Sort
1933–1949   Tiburcio Carías Andino[45] Template:Sort
1950–1958   Marcos Pérez Jiménez[46] Template:Sort
1908–1935   Juan Vicente Gómez[47] Template:Sort
1898–1920   Manuel Estrada Cabrera[48] Template:Sort
1931–1944   Jorge Ubico[48] Template:Sort
1948–1956   Manuel Odria[49] Template:Sort
1952–1959   Fulgencio Batista[50] Template:Sort
1930–1961   Rafael Trujillo[51] Later overthrown with at least some aid from the CIA.[52]
1954–1986   Efraín Ríos Montt and other Juntas[53][54][55] Template:Sort
  Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état.
1963–1982   Oswaldo López Arellano and other Juntas[56][57] Template:Sort
1979–1982   Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador[58] Template:Sort
1971–1978   Hugo Banzer[59] Template:Sort
1973–1985   Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay[60][61] Template:Sort
1976–1983   National Reorganization Process[62][63] Template:Sort
1964–1985   Brazilian military government[41][64] Template:Sort
1936–1979   Somoza family[65] Template:Sort
1957–1971   François Duvalier[66] Template:Sort
1971–1986   Jean-Claude Duvalier[66] Template:Sort
1968–1981   Omar Torrijos[67] Template:Sort
1983–1989   Manuel Noriega[67] Later overthrown by U.S. in Operation Just Cause in 1989.
1954–1989   Alfredo Stroessner[68][69] Template:Sort
1973–1990   Augusto Pinochet[70][71] Template:Sort Template:Sort
1992–2000   Alberto Fujimori[72] Template:Sort
1948–1960  [73] Syngman Rhee Template:Sort
1958–1969   Ayub Khan See also: Pakistan–United States relations during the Cold War era.
1961–1979   Park Chung-hee[74] Template:Sort
1979–1988   Chun Doo-hwan[75] Template:Sort
1955–1963   Ngo Dinh Diem[76] Later assassinated in a U.S.-backed coup. See also: Cable 243, Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem.
1970–1975   Lon Nol[77] Template:Sort
1969–1971   Yahya Khan[78][79][80] Template:Sort
1941–1979   Mohammad Reza Pahlavi[81][82] See also: 1953 Iranian coup d'état.
1965–1986   Ferdinand Marcos[83][84] Template:Sort
1978–1988   Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq[85] Template:Sort
1963–1967   Abdul Salam Arif, Abdul Rahman Arif[86] Template:Sort
1982–1990   Saddam Hussein[87] Later seen as an enemy of the U.S. in the Gulf War and deposed in the Iraq War. See: United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war.
1967–1998   Suharto[88][89] See also: Allen Lawrence Pope.
1949–1953   al-Za'im-Shishkali-al-Hinnawi Junta[90][91][92] See: Husni al-Za'im, Adib Shishakli, Sami al-Hinnawi.
1999–2008   Pervez Musharraf[93] Template:Sort
1990–2016   Islam Karimov[19] Template:Sort
1990–2005   Askar Akayev[94] Template:Sort
1990–2012   Ali Abdullah Saleh[95] Template:Sort
1969–1985   Gaafar Nimeiry[96] Template:Sort
1978–1991   Siad Barre[97] Template:Sort
1980–1990   Samuel Doe[98] Template:Sort
1991–2012   Meles Zenawi[19] Template:Sort
1965–1997  
  		Mobutu Sese Seko[99][100] Template:Sort
1982–1990   Hissène Habré[101] Template:Sort
1981–2011   Hosni Mubarak[102] Template:Sort
2012–2013   Mohamed Morsi[103] Template:Sort
1948–1994   National Party (South Africa)[104][105] Template:Sort
1987–2011   Zine El Abidine Ben Ali[106] Template:Sort
1936–1975   Francisco Franco[107] At times opposed diplomatically because of fascist leanings. See: Francoist Spain.
1933–1974   António de Oliveira Salazar[108] See Estado Novo (Portugal)
1941–1945   Joseph Stalin[109] Later considered an enemy of the US. See Cold War.
1948–1980   Josip Broz Tito[110] See Informbiro period.
1967–1974   Greek military junta[111] Template:Sort
1980–1989   Turkish military junta[112] Template:Sort
1969–1989   Nicolae Ceaușescu[113] Template:Sort
1941–1975   Chiang Kai-shek[114] Template:Sort
1948–1957   Plaek Phibunsongkhram[115] Template:Sort
1963–1973   Thanom Kittikachorn[116] Template:Sort
1958–1963   Sarit Thanarat[117] Template:Sort

See also modifica

References modifica

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Further reading modifica

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