Utente:LametinoWiki/Lista astronauti
This is a list of space travellers by first flight. The table is listed in chronological order from the date of first flight. The table adheres to a common definition of a space traveller; the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale criterion of achieving an altitude higher than 100 km (62 mi; 330 000 ft), thereby crossing the FAI-defined Kármán line. The criteria for determining who has achieved human spaceflight vary. Personnel who qualify only for the United States Astronaut Badge, awarded to those who achieve an altitude of 50 mi (80 km; 264 000 ft), are listed at the X-15's highest flights and the VSS Unity test flights.
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| Legend | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Italics | Sub-orbital spaceflights that crossed 100 km (62 mi). | ||
| ◉ | After the name, denotes sub-orbital space travellers who have flown into orbit on a subsequent space flight. | ||
| △ | After the name, denotes space travellers who have flown to the Moon without landing. | ||
| ▲ | After the name, denotes space travellers who have walked on the Moon. | ||
| ‡ | After the name, denotes those who died during their first spaceflight.[nb 1] | ||
| † | After the name, denotes those who died during a subsequent spaceflight.[nb 1] | ||
| ⊗ | After the name, denotes those whose first spaceflight had begun and was clearly intended[nb 2] to cross 100 km (62 mi), but failed to do so. | ||
| Linked country | In the 'Nationality' column, denotes the first from that country to pass 100 km (62 mi).[nb 3] | ||
| Unlinked name | Subsequent table entry for a space traveller who made or attempted a previous spaceflight.[nb 4] | ||
All entries are dated from launch time in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which on occasion is one day earlier than the local date of launches from sites in the Eastern Hemisphere such as Baikonur and one day later than the local date of launches from sites in the Western Hemisphere such as Cape Canaveral.
As a rule, dual nationals fly under a single flag when flying as professional spacecrew and/or when flying on government-operated spacecraft, and this is the flag they are listed under in the table. For the spaceflights of dual nationals who are private citizens flying on commercial spacecraft as ordinary passengers, the flags displayed are those of their countries of birth, unless the space traveller did not hold citizenship of that country and/or otherwise made clear (s)he intended to represent a different nationality.
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See also modifica
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- ^ Nola Taylor Redd, Yuri Gagarin: First Man in Space, in Space.com, 24 luglio 2012.
- ^ First man in space, in History.com.
- ^ maggio 5, 1961, Alan Shepard in Spacesuit Before Mercury Launch, in NASA, 5 maggio 2016.
- ^ Nola Taylor Redd, Alan Shepard: First American in Space, in Space.com, 5 maggio 2014.
- ^ Mary C. White, Detailed Biographies of Apollo I Crew - Gus Grissom, in NASA History.
- ^ Elizabeth Howell, Gus Grissom: 2nd American in Space, in Space.com, 28 gennaio 2014.
- ^ 1961: Russian cosmonaut spends day in space, in BBC.
- ^ Liftoff of John Glenn's Friendship 7, Feb. 20, 1962, in NASA, 30 novembre 2016.
- ^ Glenn Orbits the Earth, in NASA, 16 febbraio 2012.
- ^ maggio 24, 1962 - Scott Carpenter on the Way to Mercury-Atlas 7 Launch Site, in NASA, 24 maggio 2017.
- ^ a b Joint flight of Vostok-3 and Vostok-4, in Russian Space Web.
- ^ Vostok 3, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Vostok 4, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Mercury 8, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Mercury 9, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Vostok 5, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Vostok 6, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Appendix A: X-15 Flight Log, in NASA.
- ^ a b c Voskhod, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Voskhod 2, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Gemini 3, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Gemini 4, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Gemini 5, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Gemini 7, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Gemini 6A, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Gemini 8, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Gemini 9A, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Gemini 10, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Gemini 11, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Gemini 12, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Apollo 7, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 3, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Apollo 8, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 4, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 5, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Apollo 9, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 6, in Spacefacts.
- ^ a b Soyuz 7, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Apollo 12, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Apollo 13, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 9, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Apollo 14, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 10, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 11, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Apollo 15, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Apollo 16, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Apollo 17, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Skylab 2, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Skylab 3, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 12, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Skylab 4, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 13, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 14, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 15, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 17, in Spacefacts.
- ^ ASTP, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 21, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 22, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 23, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 24, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 25, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 26, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 27, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 28, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 29, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 30, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 31, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 32, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 33, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 35, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 36, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz T-2, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 37, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 38, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz T-3, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz T-4, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz 39, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-1, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-1 History, in NASA.
- ^ Soyuz 40, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-2, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-3, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz T-5, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz T-6, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-4, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz T-7, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-5, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-6, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz T-8, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-7, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz T-9, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-8, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-9, in Spacefacts.
- ^ a b c d STS-41B, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz T-10, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz T-11, in Spacefacts.
- ^ a b c d STS-41C, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz T-12, in Spacefacts.
- ^ a b c d e STS-41D, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-41G, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-51A, in Spacefacts.
- ^ a b c d STS-51C, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-51D, in Spacefacts.
- ^ a b c d STS-51B, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-51G, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-51F, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-51I, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz T-14, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-51J, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-61A, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-61B, in Spacefacts.
- ^ a b c d STS-61C, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Michael J. Smith (Captain, USN), in NASA.
- ^ Gregory B. Jarvis (Mr.), in NASA.
- ^ S. Christa Corrigan McAuliffe, in NASA.
- ^ Soyuz TM-2, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-3, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-4, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-5, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-6, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-7, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-27, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-29, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-30, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-28, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-34, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-33, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-32, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-9, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-36, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-10, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-41, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-38, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-35, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-11, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-37, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-39, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-12, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-40, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-43, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-48, in Spacefacts.
- ^ a b Soyuz TM-13, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-44, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-42, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-14, in Spacefacts.
- ^ a b c d STS-45, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-50, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-15, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-46, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-47, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-52, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-53, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-54, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-16, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-56, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-55, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-57, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-17, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-51, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-58, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-18, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-60, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-59, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-19, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-65, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-64, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-68, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-20, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-66, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-63, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-67, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-21, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-71, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-70, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-22, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-69, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-73, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-74, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-72, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-23, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-75, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-77, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-78, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-24, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-25, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-83, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-84, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-26, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-85, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-86, in Spacefacts.
- ^ a b STS-87, in Spacefacts.
- ^ a b STS-89, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-27, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-90, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-91, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-28, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-95, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-88, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-29, in Spacefacts.
- ^ a b STS-96, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-93, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-103, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-99, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-30, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-101, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-106, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-92, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-98, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-102, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Lonchakov, Yuri Valentinovich, in Astronautix.
- ^ a b STS-100, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-100 Mission Status Report #02, in Astronautix.
- ^ Soyuz TM-32, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-104, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-105, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-33, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-108, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-109, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-110, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TM-34, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-111, in Spacefacts.
- ^ a b c STS-112, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-1, in Spacefacts.
- ^ a b STS-113, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Shenzhou V, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-4, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Robert Z. Pearlman, Latest Mock SpaceShipOne Soars Above Sponsor's Museum, in Space.com, 14 gennaio 2009.
- ^ SpaceShipOne - Flight No. 60L / 15P, in Spacefacts.
- ^ a b SpaceShipOne Flight Logs, in World Spaceflight.
- ^ Brian Binnie, in World Spaceflight.
- ^ SpaceShipOne Flight No. 66L / 17P, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-5, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-114, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-7, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Shenzhou VI, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-8, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-121, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-115, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-9, in Spacefacts.
- ^ a b c d e STS-116, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-10, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-117, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-118, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-11, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-120, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-122, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-123, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-12, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-124, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Shenzhou VII, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-13, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-126, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-119, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-14, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-125, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-15, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-127, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-128, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-16, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-129, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-17, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-130, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-18, in Spacefacts.
- ^ STS-131, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-19, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-01M, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-20, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-21, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-02M, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-22, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-04M, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Shenzhou IX, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-06M, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-08M, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-09M, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Shenzhou X, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-10M, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-12M, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-13M, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-14M, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-15M, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-17M, in Spacefacts.
- ^ a b Soyuz TMA-18M, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-19M, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Jason Davis, New Crew Arrives at ISS following Docking Drama, in Planetary Society, 15 dicembre 2015.
- ^ Soyuz TMA-20M, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz MS, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Shenzhou XI, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz MS-02, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz MS-03, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz MS-04, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz MS-06, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz MS-07, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Chris Gebhardt, Soyuz MS-07 launches on final human mission of 2017, in NASA Spaceflight, 17 dicembre 2017.
- ^ Soyuz MS-09, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Stephen Clark, Live coverage: Soyuz crew launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome, in Spaceflight Now, 6 giugno 2018.
- ^ Chris Gebhardt, Soyuz FG fails during ascent – Soyuz MS-10 crew safe after ballistic entry abort, in NASASpaceflight, 10 ottobre 2018.
- ^ Chris Gebhardt, 100th orbital launch of 2018: International trio arrive at Space Station, in NASA Spaceflight, 2 dicembre 2018.
- ^ a b Soyuz MS-12 docks with the Space Station, in NASASpaceflight.com, 14 marzo 2019.
- ^ Soyuz MS-13 crew lifts off to space station on first moon landing 50th, 20 luglio 2019.
- ^ First UAE astronaut lifts off with US and Russian space station crew, in Collectspace.
- ^ Soyuz MS-16, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Soyuz MS-17, in Spacefacts.
- ^ SpaceX Crew-1, in NASA.
- ^ Soyuz MS-18, in Spacefacts.
- ^ Derek Richardson, Shenzhou-12 astronaut trio launch to new Chinese space station, in Spaceflight Insider, 16 giugno 2021.
- ^ Justin Davenport, Blue Origin launches first crewed flight with four crew, including founder Jeff Bezos and "Mercury 13" aviatrix Wally Funk, in NASA Spaceflight, 20 luglio 2021.
- ^ Ian Atkinson, SpaceX launches Inspiration4, first all-private orbital mission, in NASA Spaceflight, 15 settembre 2021.
- ^ Derek Richardson, Russian Soyuz MS-19 film crew arrives 'on set' at Space Station, in Spaceflight Insider, 5 ottobre 2021.
- ^ Chris Gebhardt, To the Final Frontier: NS-18 shepherds William Shatner, three others to edge of space, in NASA Spaceflight, 13 ottobre 2021.
- ^ Jessie Yeung and Steven Jiang, China's historic crewed mission arrives at new space station, su cnn.com.
- ^ Justin Davenport, Crew-3 mission set to launch mostly-rookie crew to ISS, in NASA Spaceflight, 10 novembre 2021. Loren Grush, SpaceX successfully launches four astronauts on Crew-3 mission to the space station, in MSN News, 11 novembre 2021.
- ^ Mihir Neal, Soyuz MS-20 space tourism flight docks with ISS, in NASA Spaceflight, 7 dicembre 2021.
- ^ Adrian Bell, Blue Origin launches NS-19 with full passenger complement, in NASA Spaceflight, 11 dicembre 2021.
- ^ (EN) Chris Gebhardt, First all-Roscosmos cosmonaut mission arrives at station, su nasaspaceflight.com, 18 marzo 2022.
- ^ Tyler Gray, Blue Origin launches NS-20 suborbital crew mission, in NASA Spaceflight, 31 marzo 2022.
- ^ Jessie Yeung and Steven Jiang, China's historic crewed mission arrives at new space station, su cnn.com.
- ^ (EN) Justin Davenport, Crew-4 mission to ISS begins with pre-dawn liftoff, su nasaspaceflight.com, 26 aprile 2022.
- ^ Blue Origin targets giugno 4 for next space tourist mission after delay, su space.com, 31 maggio 2022.
- ^ (EN) Andrew Jones published, China launches 3 astronauts to oversee construction of new Tiangong space station, su space.com, 5 giugno 2022.
- ^ Blue Origin announces crew for 6th suborbital space tourism launch, su space.com, 23 luglio 2022.
- ^ (EN) SpaceX launches next crew to ISS – DW – 03/02/2023, su dw.com. URL consultato il 2 marzo 2023.
- ^ Michael Baylor, Falcon 9 Block 5 - Axiom Mission 2 (AX-2), in Next Spaceflight.
- ^ Falcon 9 Block 5 - SpaceX Crew-7, in Next Spaceflight.
- ^ NASA's SpaceX Crew-7 Now Targeting Saturday, Aug. 26, su blogs.nasa.gov, NASA, 24 agosto 2023.
- ^ (EN) Russian rocket launches 3 spaceflyers for up to yearlong stay on ISS (video), su space.com, 15 settembre 2023. URL consultato il 15 settembre 2023.
- ^ (EN) Andrew Jones, China launches new 3-astronaut crew to Tiangong space station, su space.com, 26 ottobre 2023. URL consultato il 26 ottobre 2023.
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